Malvaceae subfam. malvoideae
Sidalcea
checker-mallow, checkerbloom, sidalcea
erect or ascending, reclining to decumbent at base, these often rooting, stolonlike stems sometimes present.
usually cauline, alternate, also distichous in Krapovickasia, Malvella, Meximalva, and some species of Sida, subsessile or sessile in some Herissantia, Horsfordia, Sida, Sidastrum, and Sphaeralcea;
blade usually symmetric, asymmetric in Malvella, sometimes asymmetric in Pavonia, usually unlobed, sometimes palmately lobed or dissected, margins serrate or entire, primary veins often palmate (except in Lagunaria), without nectaries (except in Gossypium, Hibiscus, Talipariti, Thespesia, and Urena).
terminal or axillary, umbels, spikes, racemes, or panicles or solitary flowers;
bracts usually present.
bisexual or unisexual, some species with staminate or pistillate flowers, plants usually hermaphroditic, some dioecious, some monoecious;
involucel (epicalyx) present or absent;
sepals usually persistent (deciduous in Abelmoschus), 5, ± connate;
petals 5, usually distinct, adnate to staminal column and connate to each other at base, falling together, without clawlike appendage;
androgynophore absent;
androecium monadelphous, in more than 1 concentric series in Sidalcea, staminal column sometimes toothed at apex, stamens 5–many, filaments connate;
anthers 1-thecate;
staminodes absent or 5 teeth at apex of staminal column;
gynoecium syncarpous, ovary superior, 3–40-carpellate;
styles 1, branched or unbranched;
stigmas truncate, capitate, linear, or filiform, 1–2 times number of carpels.
usually schizocarps with 5–many wedge-shaped mericarps or folliclelike segments, or capsules with 3–5 cells, rarely berries (in Malvaviscus), carpels sometimes with internal protrusion dividing carpel into 2 cells, dehiscence loculicidal, rarely indehiscent.
2–30, often reniform, glabrous or hairy.
Malvaceae subfam. malvoideae
Sidalcea
Nearly worldwide; mostly in tropical areas
w North America; n Mexico
Some ornamental malvaceous trees have been introduced to California, none of which is known in the flora area outside of cultivation. These include the Mexican Robinsonella cordata Rose & Baker f. and, from Australia and New Zealand, Hoheria glabrata Sprague, Plagianthus divaricatus J. R. Forster & G. Forster, and P. regius (Poiteau) Hochreutiner. Malope trifida Cavanilles from the Mediterranean region, and the subshrubs Alyogyne Alefeld from Australia, species of Anisodontea C. Presl from South Africa, and Lavatera species from the Mediterranean are sometimes grown as ornamentals; they are not naturalized in the flora area.
Genera ca. 110, species ca. 1800 (42 genera, 220 species in the flora).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Some species of Sidalcea are cultivated for ornament. The common name checkerbloom comes from the pattern of veins on the petals of some species.
Some species of Sidalcea are similar and difficult to distinguish; details of the plant habit and fruits are generally necessary for identification. Most Sidalcea species, especially those in the S. oregana group and S. malviflora group, show great plasticity. The presence of gynodioecy is widespread in Sidalcea, and pistillate and bisexual flowers often have different sizes within a population (the pistillate being smaller). As with most other mallows that have schizocarps, the mericarp features usually are not evident until full dry maturity. The inflorescences are generally rather congested initially and later may elongate; both alternatives in the key should be considered. Inflorescence descriptions in the key are for plants in full flower; staminal column measurements are for bisexual flowers only.
There is some difficulty in applying the term rhizome in Sidalcea, although it has widespread traditional use in keys to the species; most structures called rhizomes are at or near the soil surface and may be decumbent rooting stems; rhizomes are best developed in S. calycosa subsp. rhizomata, S. gigantea, and S. hirtipes.
The rank subspecies is widely used in this treatment in accordance with C. L. Hitchcock (1957) and S. R. Hill (2012b). Varieties were distinguished within some of the subspecies in past treatments. See Hitchcock for more information on the published varieties.
Species 31 (31 in the flora).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Involucel usually absent, sometimes present in Callirhoë, Malachra, Malvella, and Sidalcea, often deciduous in Sphaeralcea; fruits schizocarps | → 2 |
1. Involucel usually present, sometimes absent; fruits schizocarps or capsules | → 23 |
2. Inflorescences subtended by boat-shaped sessile or subsessile bracts. | Malachra |
2. Inflorescences not subtended by boat-shaped sessile or subsessile bracts | → 3 |
3. Stigmas linear or filiform | → 4 |
4. Herbs, (1–)2.2(–3) m; inflorescences terminal panicles; flowers unisexual, plants dioecious; corollas white. | Napaea |
5. Anthers borne ± evenly along staminal column; staminal columns not comprised of concentric series. | Callirhoë |
5. Anthers borne distally on staminal column, staminal columns comprised of concentric inner and outer series of filaments. | Sidalcea |
6. Mericarps 1-celled; distally dehiscent, partially dehiscent, or indehiscent; seeds usually 1 per mericarp (3–6 in Abutilon; 2–6 in Herissantia) | → 11 |
7. Calyces usually shorter than fruits; seeds 1–3 per mericarp | → 9 |
8. Calyces usually 8–13 mm; mericarps with prominent, medial constriction resulting in 2 cells. | Allowissadula |
8. Calyces 4–8 mm; mericarps with obscure medial constriction (except P. umbellatum). | Pseudabutilon |
9. Styles 3–6-branched; petals 3–5 mm. | Wissadula |
9. Styles 6–12-branched; petals 6–21 mm | → 10 |
10. Mericarps with medial constriction, distal cell unwinged; seeds 1 per mericarp; Texas. | Batesimalva |
10. Mericarps without medial constriction, distal cell apically winged; seeds 2 or 3 per mericarp; Arizona, California. | Horsfordia |
11. Calyces completely enclosing fruits or leaves maplelike | → 12 |
11. Calyces closely subtending, not enclosing fruits (fruits closely invested by calyx tube in Fryxellia); leaves seldom maplelike (Anoda; Sida hermaphrodita) | → 14 |
12. Corollas white; calyces not completely enclosing fruits; leaves maplelike; east of Mississippi River. | Sida |
12. Corollas yellow or white, fading rose; calyces completely enclosing fruits; leaves not maplelike; west of Mississippi River | → 13 |
13. Corollas white, fading rose; calyces brownish-membranous at maturity; mericarps fragile-walled, unornamented. | Krapovickasia |
13. Corollas yellow; calyces green-membranous at maturity; mericarps indurate, laterally reticulate-walled, with horizontal obtuse rostrum. | Rhynchosida |
14. Fruits spheric, inflated, not indurate, setose, reflexed. | Herissantia |
14. Fruits not both spheric and inflated (can appear somewhat inflated in Fryxellia but not spheric or pendent), usually indurate, hairy, seldom setose, usually erect | → 15 |
15. Mericarps 3–6-seeded. | Abutilon |
15. Mericarps 1-seeded | → 16 |
16. Leaf blades cuneate at base, otherwise broadly oblanceolate, 0.5–1.5 cm; mericarps 5; usually saline habitats. | Billieturnera |
16. Leaf blades variously shaped at base, ovate, reniform, oblong, elliptic, lanceolate, or linear, usually 1.5+ cm; mericarps 5+; seldom saline habitats (except Malvella) | → 17 |
17. Mericarps: lateral walls evanescent, spur rarely absent. | Anoda |
17. Mericarps: lateral walls persistent (firm or indurate), spur usually absent (except Fryxellia) | → 18 |
18. Plants cespitose; mericarps with dorsal spur and endoglossum. | Fryxellia |
19. Corollas yellow or yellowish, usually 6+ mm; calyces 4–10 mm, costate or not; pedicels not capillary | → 21 |
20. Mericarps 7 or 8, lateral walls prominently reticulate; leaves distichous; styles 7 or 8, purple; corollas rotate; inflorescences solitary flowers. | Meximalva |
20. Mericarps 5, lateral walls smooth or weakly reticulate; leaves not distichous; styles 5, pallid; corollas reflexed; inflorescences terminal panicles. | Sidastrum |
21. Leaf blades asymmetric; stems prostrate; indument sometimes ± lepidote; often saline habitats. | Malvella |
21. Leaf blades symmetric; stems usually erect, seldom prostrate; indument never lepidote; not saline habitats | → 22 |
22. Herbage prominently viscid; calyces divided nearly to base, not costate; fruit walls papery. | Bastardia |
22. Herbage seldom viscid; calyces usually 1/2-divided, usually costate; fruit walls indurate. | Sida |
23. Ovaries 3–5-carpellate; fruits usually capsules | → 24 |
23. Ovaries (5)6–36-carpellate; fruits schizocarps | → 34 |
24. Trees; leaves: venation pinnate; involucellar bractlets basally connate. | Lagunaria |
24. Trees, subshrubs, or herbs; leaves: venation palmate; involucellar bractlets usually distinct (except Abelmoschus, Talipariti, and Urena), not enclosing bud | → 25 |
25. Involucellar bractlets 3, distinct | → 26 |
25. Involucellar bractlets 4+, distinct or ± connate | → 27 |
26. Capsules ovoid or subglobose to oblong, dehiscent; shrubs or trees. | Gossypium |
26. Capsules oblate, indehiscent; trees. | Thespesia |
27. Calyces deciduous, spathaceous. | Abelmoschus |
27. Calyces persistent, not spathaceous | → 28 |
28. Fruits ovoid, subglobose, or spheroid, not fleshy; seeds 2–20 per locule | → 29 |
28. Fruits oblate, rarely fleshy, seeds 1 per locule | → 31 |
29. Calyces gland-dotted; ovaries 3–5-carpellate; styles usually connate to apex; stigmas 3–5, decurrent. | Cienfuegosia |
29. Calyces not gland-dotted; ovaries 5-carpellate; styles proximally connate, distally 5-fid; stigmas 5, capitate to discoid | → 30 |
30. Stipules persistent or caducous, not enlarged in bud; relatively dry habitats or freshwater swamps. | Hibiscus |
30. Stipules caducous, enlarged in bud, leaving annular scars; estuarine habitats. | Talipariti |
31. Fruits 5-angled, sections dehiscent; foliage scabrid; styles 5-fid. | Kosteletzkya |
31. Fruits not angled, indehiscent; foliage glabrous or hairy, seldom scabrid; styles 10-fid | → 32 |
32. Leaves with abaxial nectaries; involucellar bractlets 5. | Urena |
32. Leaves without nectaries; involucellar bractlets 5–9 | → 33 |
33. Petals basally auriculate, usually red; fruits fleshy, red; stamens and stigmas usually exserted. | Malvaviscus |
33. Petals usually not auriculate, lavender, pink, or yellow; fruits dry, not colored; stamens and stigmas usually included. | Pavonia |
34. Involucellar bractlets 6–12 | → 35 |
34. Involucellar bractlets (0 or)1–3 | → 36 |
35. Petals 3+ cm; mericarps 2-celled, proximal cell fertile, distal cell sterile; staminal columns 5-angled, anthers pale yellow. | Alcea |
35. Petals (0.9–)1–2 cm; mericarps 1-celled; staminal columns cylindric, anthers purple or pale pink to almost white or yellow. | Althaea |
36. Leaf blades asymmetric; herbage hairy, hairs mixed stellate and lepidote. | Malvella |
36. Leaf blades symmetric; herbage usually stellate-hairy, glabrate, or glabrous, sometimes some hairs simple, seldom lepidote | → 37 |
37. Mericarps 2-celled; seeds 2 per mericarp; corollas salmon-orange; mericarps drying black; stems prostrate to ascending. | Modiola |
37. Mericarps 1 or 2-celled, seeds 1–4 per mericarp; corollas sometimes salmon-orange; mericarps drying black, brown, or tan; stems usually erect, sometimes ascending, decumbent, or prostrate | → 38 |
38. Corollas yellow or yellow-orange, without darker veins. | Malvastrum |
38. Corollas usually white, pinkish, pink, magenta, rose-purple, rose-pink, purple, mauve, orange, red-orange, or red, sometimes salmon-orange, sometimes with darker veins | → 39 |
39. Stigmas capitate or obliquely capitate | → 40 |
39. Stigmas linear or filiform | → 43 |
40. Stigmas obliquely capitate; mericarps 8–15 mm; seeds 2–4 per mericarp. | Iliamna |
40. Stigmas capitate; mericarps to 8 mm; seeds 1–3 per mericarp | → 41 |
41. Fruits glabrous; mericarps indehiscent; seeds 1 per mericarp; herbs, annual. | Eremalche |
41. Fruits hairy; mericarps dehiscent; seeds 1–3 per mericarp; usually shrubs or subshrubs, rarely herbs | → 42 |
42. Mericarps dehiscent to base, usually smooth; seeds 1 per mericarp; involucellar bractlets persistent, 3. | Malacothamnus |
42. Mericarps proximally indehiscent, ± dehiscent apically, reticulate; seeds 1 or 2(or 3) per mericarp; involucellar bractlets persistent or deciduous, 2 or 3. | Sphaeralcea |
43. Mericarps obtusely beaked, mucronate, or cuspidate | → 44 |
43. Mericarps not beaked, mucronate, or cuspidate | → 45 |
44. Mericarps obtusely beaked or not; anthers ± evenly distributed along staminal column; staminal column single; roots usually taproots; mostly east of 103°W longitude. | Callirhoë |
44. Mericarps mucronate or cuspidate; anthers distal on staminal column; staminal column double (concentric inner and outer series of filaments); roots usually fibrous, fleshy or not; mostly west of 103°W longitude. | Sidalcea |
45. Involucellar bractlets present or absent; staminal column double (concentric inner and outer series of filaments). | Sidalcea |
45. Involucellar bractlets present; staminal column single | → 46 |
46. Mericarps elliptic in cross section, edges rounded, walls readily separating from seed; involucellar bractlets basally connate 1/2 length; style base persistent on fruit, swollen. | Lavatera |
46. Mericarps wedge-shaped in cross section, edges usually sharp, walls not readily separating from seed; involucellar bractlets usually distinct, sometimes basally connate; style bases not both persistent and swollen. | Malva |
1. Herbs, annual, except S. calycosa subsp. rhizomata | → 2 |
1. Herbs, perennial, or subshrubs | → 6 |
2. Cauline leaf blades: lobes of mid and distal usually apically 2–5-toothed, linear to obovate; stems bristly-hairy, hairs erect; mericarps usually glabrous, mucro absent | → 3 |
2. Cauline leaf blades: lobes of mid and distal entire, not apically 2–5-toothed, lobes linear to linear-elliptic or oblanceolate-obtuse; stems usually glabrate at least proximally; mericarps glabrous or sparsely puberulent, mucro present | → 4 |
3. Stipules at mid and distal nodes divided into 2–5 filiform or linear segments, subequal to or longer than calyx, becoming involucrelike; distal cauline leaves: blades 5–7-lobed, lobes linear, sometimes 3-toothed, mid tooth longer than laterals, or lobe margins entire; calyces seldom glandular; mericarps without bristles. | S. diploscypha |
3. Stipules and mid and distal nodes linear-filiform, rarely divided, usually much shorter than calyx, not involucrelike; distal cauline leaves: blades 3-lobed, lobes obovate, apically 2–5-toothed, teeth subequal; calyces usually glandular; mericarps usually with 1–5 minute proximal apical bristles. | S. keckii |
4. Stamens: outer filaments distally distinct, anthers not attached to connate portion of filaments; mericarps reticulate-veined on back, deeply pitted especially on top, glabrous or glandular-puberulent; calyces 8–10(–12) mm. | S. hartwegii |
4. Stamens: outer filaments connate to apex, staminal column funnel-like with continuous rim to which the unstalked anthers attach; mericarps glabrous or puberulent, longitudinally grooved or reticulate-veined; calyces 4–12 mm | → 5 |
5. Stems glabrous or sparsely stellate-hairy; plants annual or perennial; bracts ovate to wide-elliptic, 2–5 mm wide; mericarps glabrous, longitudinally grooved; calyces stellate-puberulent and strigose-bristly. | S. calycosa |
5. Stems usually densely bristly-hairy distally, rarely glabrescent; plants annual; bracts linear, to 2 mm wide; mericarps puberulent, reticulate-veined, pitted; calyces prominently tawny-hirsute and densely stellate-canescent. | S. hirsuta |
6. Mericarps: mucro absent; involucellar bractlets (0 or)1–3; leaves evenly arrayed on stem throughout season, blades all similar in shape | → 7 |
6. Mericarps: mucro present; involucellar bractlets absent; leaves not evenly arrayed, often proximally crowded at least early in season or not (S. gigantea), sometimes rosettelike, proximal and distal blades usually dissimilar | → 9 |
7. Involucellar bractlets (0–)1–2; petals white or purple-tinged; leaf blades lobed, maplelike; plants (0.4–)0.8–1.5(–2) m. | S. malachroides |
7. Involucellar bractlets (2)3; petals usually pale pink to pink-lavender, rarely white; leaves unlobed or lobed, but not maplelike; plants 0.1–0.5(–0.8) m | → 8 |
8. Inflorescences usually open or spiciform, sometimes dense early; bracts: proximalmost not involucrelike; stipule width sometimes, but not obviously, exceeding stem diam.; leaf blades orbiculate to flabelliform, unlobed or lobed, base truncate or cordate; widely scattered, local in California but not in Sierra Nevada, also in sw Oregon. | S. hickmanii |
8. Inflorescences ± dense, capitate; bracts: proximalmost involucrelike; stipule width exceeding stem diam.; leaf blades ovate to elliptic, unlobed, base cordate; local in n Sierra Nevada, Nevada County, California. | S. stipularis |
9. Plants (0.8–)2(–2.5) m, usually in colonies, rhizomes (6–)10 mm diam., with reflexed, appressed bristle hairs; stems erect proximally, hollow, densely bristly, bristles reflexed; high Cascades and high Sierra Nevada, California. | S. gigantea |
9. Plants (0.1–)0.5–1(–2) m, seldom in colonies, without rhizomes or rhizomes usually 3–10 mm diam., hairs usually erect, retrorse or appressed, simple or stellate or glabrescent, sometimes glabrous; stems erect, sprawling, or ascending to decumbent, proximally usually solid, seldom hollow, hairy, hairs sometimes bristlelike; widespread | → 10 |
10. Inflorescences dense, subcapitate or spiciform, not 1-sided; calyces usually overlapping others in flower, sometimes in fruit | → 11 |
10. Inflorescences usually ± open, sometimes dense, sometimes 1-sided; calyces usually not conspicuously overlapping others in flower or in fruit | → 19 |
11. Mericarps smooth, slightly reticulate-veined, or pitted (sometimes slightly wrinkled); inflorescences continuous (flowers sometimes clustered but not regularly interrupted), usually dense in flower, sometimes elongating in fruit; rhizomes present or not | → 12 |
11. Mericarps usually reticulate-veined, sometimes pitted; inflorescences dense in flower, elongated or interrupted in fruit; rhizomes or rooting stems sometimes present | → 15 |
12. Petals white to pale pinkish, drying yellowish, 10–20 mm; rhizomes present; herbage glabrous, hirsute, puberulent, or stellate-hairy. | S. candida |
12. Petals pale pink, pinkish rose, pink, or pinkish lavender, dark rose-pink, or magenta, not drying yellowish, (5–)10–15(–23) mm; rhizomes present or not; herbage hairy | → 13 |
13. Rhizomes absent; inflorescences unbranched or branched, flowers opening and closing sequentially from base to apex, usually 3–10 open at same time; stems usually solid; calyx lobes not strongly veined, usually green; widespread in w North America. | S. oregana |
13. Rhizomes present; inflorescences branched, most flowers usually open at same time; stems usually hollow proximally; calyx lobes strongly veined, usually purplish; inland w Oregon and immediate coast from Oregon to Alaska | → 14 |
14. Mericarps 3 mm, apical margins ± rounded, mucro 0.5–1 mm; calyces usually stellate-puberulent, sometimes glabrate; inland. | S. cusickii |
14. Mericarps 4 mm, apical margins sharp-edged, not winged, mucro 0.8–1.3 mm; calyces stellate-hairy or proximally glabrous; coastal marshes. | S. hendersonii |
15. Plants without rhizomes, stems not proximally rooting; stems single or multiple, clustered, not rooting; petals not notably whitish- or pale-veined | → 16 |
15. Plants with rhizomes or stems proximally rooting; stems usually scattered, not clustered; petals usually whitish- or pale-veined | → 17 |
16. Calyces 3.5–10 mm in flower and fruit, usually uniformly stellate-puberulent, sometimes also with bristles; inflorescences spicate, 10–30 cm. | S. oregana |
16. Calyces 5–9 mm, to 10 mm in fruit, stellate-hairy and bristly; inflorescences subcapitate or spicate, 3–7(–10) cm. | S. setosa |
17. Inflorescences interrupted, rachis exposed between flower clusters; inland mountains in Kern and Tulare counties, California. | S. ranunculacea |
18. Stems erect; inflorescences usually long-pedunculate; plants usually in colonies, with cordlike rhizomes; stems coarsely bristly; calyces 11–16 mm in fruit; nw Oregon, sw Washington. | S. hirtipes |
18. Stems decumbent to suberect; inflorescences not long-pedunculate; plants in colonies or not, stem bases usually rooting or with compact rhizomes but without cordlike rhizomes; stems often soft-bristly; calyces 8–11(–13) mm in fruit; California, sw Oregon. | S. malviflora |
19. Mericarps usually glabrous or glandular-puberulent; stems erect, proximally stellate-hairy, distally glabrous, glaucous; inflorescences 30–40(–45) cm; Butte County, California. | S. robusta |
19. Mericarps glabrous or puberulent; stems erect, decumbent, sprawling, prostrate, or ascending, glabrous or hairy, glaucous; inflorescences 2–20(–45) cm; not limited to Butte County, California | → 20 |
20. Mericarps usually not, sometimes slightly, reticulate-veined or pitted, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely glandular-puberulent; without rhizomes | → 21 |
21. Basal leaves deeply incised, lobes again incised, segments linear to oblong-elliptic; cauline leaves 1–3; stems usually unbranched (plants nearly scapose); inflorescences much elongated in fruit; San Bernardino County, California. | S. pedata |
21. Basal leaves absent or unlobed or shallowly lobed; cauline leaves usually 3+; stems often branched (plants usually not appearing to be scapose); inflorescences usually somewhat elongated in fruit; not restricted to San Bernardino County, California | → 22 |
22. Roots fleshy; plants usually with nonwoody taproot and fleshy roots; calyces sparsely hirsute, hairs pustulose and sometimes stellate, surface not obscured. | S. neomexicana |
22. Roots not fleshy; plants with fibrous or woody caudex or taproot; calyces densely stellate-puberulent and sometimes with nonpustulose bristles, surface sometimes obscured. | S. oregana |
23. Roots not fleshy; rhizomes and caudices present or absent; stems single or clustered or scattered; inflorescences 2–30+-flowered; usually not alkaline flats | → 25 |
24. Leaves mostly basal; blades of basal leaves glaucous, 5–7-lobed, deeply incised; calyces stellate-puberulent, without pustulose bristles; e of Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. | S. covillei |
24. Leaves basal and cauline; blades of basal leaves glaucous or not, unlobed or 5(–9)-lobed, shallowly incised; calyces stellate-puberulent and with pustulose bristles; widespread. | S. neomexicana |
25. Inflorescences usually 30+-flowered, 5–20(–30) in S. virgata, loosely or densely spiciform, usually branched, usually not 1-sided; petals of bisexual flowers 5–15(–30) mm; stems usually erect, sometimes proximally decumbent | → 26 |
25. Inflorescences usually 2–10(–30)-flowered, usually racemose, sometimes spiciform, branched or not, 1-sided or not; petals of bisexual flowers (5–)10–33 mm; stems erect, ascending to decumbent, sprawling, or nearly prostrate | → 29 |
26. Stems erect, decumbent-ascending, or trailing; plants 0.3–0.6(–0.8) m, with rhizomes and taproot; stems proximally hairy, hairs usually soft, tangled, and stellate; inflorescences: proximalmost 1 or 2 flowers usually leafy-bracted. | S. virgata |
26. Stems erect; plants (0.3–)1–2 m, with rhizomes or not; stems proximally hairy, hairs simple or stellate, not soft or tangled; inflorescences: proximalmost 1 or 2 flowers not leafy-bracted | → 27 |
27. Plants 0.5–2 m; petals nearly white to pale pink or pale lavender, usually not overlapping; calyces 8–10 mm in fruit. | S. campestris |
27. Plants 0.3–1.5 m; petals pink, pinkish purple, pink-purple, purplish rose, or magenta, usually overlapping, sometimes not in S. nelsoniana; calyces 3.5–10 mm in fruit | → 28 |
28. Calyces 4–6 mm, lobes usually purple-tinged; plants with rhizomes; mericarps finely reticulate to faintly rugose or nearly smooth; stems glabrous or sparsely hirtellous; primarily Willamette Valley of Oregon, and sw Washington. | S. nelsoniana |
28. Calyces 3.5–10 mm, lobes green; plants without rhizomes; mericarps usually slightly reticulate-veined or pitted; stems usually stellate-hairy, sometimes sparsely so; widespread, usually s, e and ne of Willamette Valley. | S. oregana |
29. Plants glaucous, without rhizomes; stems not freely rooting, proximally glabrous or hairy, hairs stellate; calyces uniformly stellate-puberulent; frequently at elevations above 2000 m (900–3000 m) | → 30 |
29. Plants seldom glaucous, with or without rhizomes; stems freely rooting or not, proximally hairy, hairs simple and stellate; calyces stellate-puberulent, usually bristly; usually at elevations below 2000 m (0–2700 m) | → 31 |
30. Stems usually sprawling or decumbent to ascending, rarely erect; basal leaves 9 or fewer or deciduous, blades usually 5(–7)-lobed, lobes dentate or entire; California, n, c high Sierra Nevada, nw to the Cascades and Klamath ranges and e to Washoe County, Nevada. | S. glaucescens |
30. Stems usually erect or ascending; basal leaves 10+, persistent, blades usually (5–)7–9-lobed, lobes pinnately or ternately lobed; California, high Sierra Nevada, e to Nevada. | S. multifida |
31. Stems ascending-decumbent or creeping, freely rooting, usually proximally hairy, rarely glabrate, hairs simple, 2–3 mm, distally ± stellate-puberulent; leaf blade surfaces hairy, hairs simple; mericarps densely stellate-puberulent apically, on back, and on mucro. | S. reptans |
31. Stems usually erect to ascending, sometimes prostrate or sprawling to decumbent and rooting or not, proximally hairy, hairs simple, stellate, or mixed; leaf blade surfaces hairy, hairs stellate or not; mericarps sparsely stellate-puberulent or glandular-puberulent apically, on back, and/or on mucro | → 32 |
32. Leaves mostly basal, cauline usually to 5 and distally smaller, plants sometimes appearing scapose; inflorescences 10+-flowered, (15–)30–45 cm; mericarps slightly to moderately reticulate-veined and pitted. | S. sparsifolia |
32. Leaves mostly cauline, sometimes clustered at base, distally smaller or not; inflorescences 2–10(–30)-flowered, 2–30(–40) cm; mericarps usually strongly reticulate-veined, roughened, pitted or honeycomb-pitted | → 33 |
33. Calyces usually both stellate-hairy and bristly-hairy, if bristles absent, some stellate hairs larger; plants not glaucous; leaf blades unlobed or lobed; usually coastal, sometimes inland, seldom on serpentine. | S. malviflora |
34. Rhizomes absent or present, 4–6 mm diam., freely rooting or not; inflorescences usually erect; stems usually erect | → 36 |
35. Stems proximally usually hairy, sometimes glabrate, hairs coarse, stellate; stems not especially brittle; n high Sierra Nevada, Cascade Ranges, high North Coast Ranges, Klamath Ranges, California to sw Oregon. | S. asprella |
35. Stems proximally hairy or glabrate, hairs soft, simple and stellate; stems distally brittle; Klamath Ranges, nw California, sw Oregon. | S. elegans |
36. Plants with or without caudex, usually with rooting rootstocks or rhizomes; stems sometimes sprawling, supported by other plants, proximally hairy, hairs stellate; leaf blades usually lobed, all similar in shape, lobe margins usually crenate; c, n High Sierra Nevada, Cascades, California, sw Oregon. | S. asprella |
36. Plants with caudex and rootstocks, not freely rooting, without rhizomes; stems usually erect, free-standing, proximally hairy, hairs reflexed, stiff, simple, sometimes also coarse, 2–3-rayed, stellate; leaf blades lobed, proximals shallowly incised, lobe margins crenate-dentate, distals deeply incised, lobe margins entire or 1–5-toothed; n inner North Coast Ranges, California. | S. celata |
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CA
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USDA Plants Database
