Malvaceae subfam. malvoideae
Callirhoë
poppy mallow, wild hollyhock, wine cup
erect, ascending, or decumbent.
usually cauline, alternate, also distichous in Krapovickasia, Malvella, Meximalva, and some species of Sida, subsessile or sessile in some Herissantia, Horsfordia, Sida, Sidastrum, and Sphaeralcea;
blade usually symmetric, asymmetric in Malvella, sometimes asymmetric in Pavonia, usually unlobed, sometimes palmately lobed or dissected, margins serrate or entire, primary veins often palmate (except in Lagunaria), without nectaries (except in Gossypium, Hibiscus, Talipariti, Thespesia, and Urena).
stipules persistent, caducous, or tardily deciduous, ovate, linear-lanceolate to subulate, auriculate, or rhombic-ovate;
blade often pedate, suborbiculate, cordate, ovate, triangular, or hastate, palmately cleft or entire and crenate, base truncate, cordate, or sagittate to hastate, margins 1 per carpel;
styles 10–28-branched;
stigmas introrsely decurrent, filiform.
terminal or axillary, umbels, spikes, racemes, or panicles or solitary flowers;
bracts usually present.
bisexual or unisexual, some species with staminate or pistillate flowers, plants usually hermaphroditic, some dioecious, some monoecious;
involucel (epicalyx) present or absent;
sepals usually persistent (deciduous in Abelmoschus), 5, ± connate;
petals 5, usually distinct, adnate to staminal column and connate to each other at base, falling together, without clawlike appendage;
androgynophore absent;
androecium monadelphous, in more than 1 concentric series in Sidalcea, staminal column sometimes toothed at apex, stamens 5–many, filaments connate;
anthers 1-thecate;
staminodes absent or 5 teeth at apex of staminal column;
gynoecium syncarpous, ovary superior, 3–40-carpellate;
styles 1, branched or unbranched;
stigmas truncate, capitate, linear, or filiform, 1–2 times number of carpels.
usually schizocarps with 5–many wedge-shaped mericarps or folliclelike segments, or capsules with 3–5 cells, rarely berries (in Malvaviscus), carpels sometimes with internal protrusion dividing carpel into 2 cells, dehiscence loculicidal, rarely indehiscent.
schizocarps, erect, not inflated, oblate or depressed-discoid, indurate, reticulate and rugose, strigose or glabrous, indehiscent or dehiscent (annual species only);
mericarps 10–28, 2-celled, prominently obtusely beaked or not, drying tan or brown, distal locule sterile, lower 1-seeded.
2–30, often reniform, glabrous or hairy.
1 per locule, reniform or reniform-pyriform (annual species only), glabrous.
= 14, 15.
Malvaceae subfam. malvoideae
Callirhoë
Some ornamental malvaceous trees have been introduced to California, none of which is known in the flora area outside of cultivation. These include the Mexican Robinsonella cordata Rose & Baker f. and, from Australia and New Zealand, Hoheria glabrata Sprague, Plagianthus divaricatus J. R. Forster & G. Forster, and P. regius (Poiteau) Hochreutiner. Malope trifida Cavanilles from the Mediterranean region, and the subshrubs Alyogyne Alefeld from Australia, species of Anisodontea C. Presl from South Africa, and Lavatera species from the Mediterranean are sometimes grown as ornamentals; they are not naturalized in the flora area.
Genera ca. 110, species ca. 1800 (42 genera, 220 species in the flora).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species 9 (9 in the flora).
Several species of Callirhoë are gynodioecious; populations of C. alcaeoides, C. involucrata, and C. leiocarpa have individuals with either bisexual or functionally pistillate (that is, male-sterile) flowers. In these species the functionally pistillate flowers can be recognized by their reduced number of anther sacs, failure of these anther sacs to dehisce, stigmatic lobes often conspicuous at early anthesis, reduced petal size, and in C. alcaeoides shorter calyx lobe length. A few populations of C. pedata in Arkansas exhibit a corolla size dimorphism suggesting that this species too may be gynodioecious. Several species of Callirhoë are cultivated and may escape. All taxa of this genus occur within the flora area except C. involucrata var. tenuissima Palmer ex Baker f., which is wholly Mexican.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Involucel usually absent, sometimes present in Callirhoë, Malachra, Malvella, and Sidalcea, often deciduous in Sphaeralcea; fruits schizocarps | → 2 |
1. Involucel usually present, sometimes absent; fruits schizocarps or capsules | → 23 |
2. Inflorescences subtended by boat-shaped sessile or subsessile bracts. | Malachra |
2. Inflorescences not subtended by boat-shaped sessile or subsessile bracts | → 3 |
3. Stigmas linear or filiform | → 4 |
4. Herbs, (1–)2.2(–3) m; inflorescences terminal panicles; flowers unisexual, plants dioecious; corollas white. | Napaea |
5. Anthers borne ± evenly along staminal column; staminal columns not comprised of concentric series. | Callirhoë |
5. Anthers borne distally on staminal column, staminal columns comprised of concentric inner and outer series of filaments. | Sidalcea |
6. Mericarps 1-celled; distally dehiscent, partially dehiscent, or indehiscent; seeds usually 1 per mericarp (3–6 in Abutilon; 2–6 in Herissantia) | → 11 |
7. Calyces usually shorter than fruits; seeds 1–3 per mericarp | → 9 |
8. Calyces usually 8–13 mm; mericarps with prominent, medial constriction resulting in 2 cells. | Allowissadula |
8. Calyces 4–8 mm; mericarps with obscure medial constriction (except P. umbellatum). | Pseudabutilon |
9. Styles 3–6-branched; petals 3–5 mm. | Wissadula |
9. Styles 6–12-branched; petals 6–21 mm | → 10 |
10. Mericarps with medial constriction, distal cell unwinged; seeds 1 per mericarp; Texas. | Batesimalva |
10. Mericarps without medial constriction, distal cell apically winged; seeds 2 or 3 per mericarp; Arizona, California. | Horsfordia |
11. Calyces completely enclosing fruits or leaves maplelike | → 12 |
11. Calyces closely subtending, not enclosing fruits (fruits closely invested by calyx tube in Fryxellia); leaves seldom maplelike (Anoda; Sida hermaphrodita) | → 14 |
12. Corollas white; calyces not completely enclosing fruits; leaves maplelike; east of Mississippi River. | Sida |
12. Corollas yellow or white, fading rose; calyces completely enclosing fruits; leaves not maplelike; west of Mississippi River | → 13 |
13. Corollas white, fading rose; calyces brownish-membranous at maturity; mericarps fragile-walled, unornamented. | Krapovickasia |
13. Corollas yellow; calyces green-membranous at maturity; mericarps indurate, laterally reticulate-walled, with horizontal obtuse rostrum. | Rhynchosida |
14. Fruits spheric, inflated, not indurate, setose, reflexed. | Herissantia |
14. Fruits not both spheric and inflated (can appear somewhat inflated in Fryxellia but not spheric or pendent), usually indurate, hairy, seldom setose, usually erect | → 15 |
15. Mericarps 3–6-seeded. | Abutilon |
15. Mericarps 1-seeded | → 16 |
16. Leaf blades cuneate at base, otherwise broadly oblanceolate, 0.5–1.5 cm; mericarps 5; usually saline habitats. | Billieturnera |
16. Leaf blades variously shaped at base, ovate, reniform, oblong, elliptic, lanceolate, or linear, usually 1.5+ cm; mericarps 5+; seldom saline habitats (except Malvella) | → 17 |
17. Mericarps: lateral walls evanescent, spur rarely absent. | Anoda |
17. Mericarps: lateral walls persistent (firm or indurate), spur usually absent (except Fryxellia) | → 18 |
18. Plants cespitose; mericarps with dorsal spur and endoglossum. | Fryxellia |
19. Corollas yellow or yellowish, usually 6+ mm; calyces 4–10 mm, costate or not; pedicels not capillary | → 21 |
20. Mericarps 7 or 8, lateral walls prominently reticulate; leaves distichous; styles 7 or 8, purple; corollas rotate; inflorescences solitary flowers. | Meximalva |
20. Mericarps 5, lateral walls smooth or weakly reticulate; leaves not distichous; styles 5, pallid; corollas reflexed; inflorescences terminal panicles. | Sidastrum |
21. Leaf blades asymmetric; stems prostrate; indument sometimes ± lepidote; often saline habitats. | Malvella |
21. Leaf blades symmetric; stems usually erect, seldom prostrate; indument never lepidote; not saline habitats | → 22 |
22. Herbage prominently viscid; calyces divided nearly to base, not costate; fruit walls papery. | Bastardia |
22. Herbage seldom viscid; calyces usually 1/2-divided, usually costate; fruit walls indurate. | Sida |
23. Ovaries 3–5-carpellate; fruits usually capsules | → 24 |
23. Ovaries (5)6–36-carpellate; fruits schizocarps | → 34 |
24. Trees; leaves: venation pinnate; involucellar bractlets basally connate. | Lagunaria |
24. Trees, subshrubs, or herbs; leaves: venation palmate; involucellar bractlets usually distinct (except Abelmoschus, Talipariti, and Urena), not enclosing bud | → 25 |
25. Involucellar bractlets 3, distinct | → 26 |
25. Involucellar bractlets 4+, distinct or ± connate | → 27 |
26. Capsules ovoid or subglobose to oblong, dehiscent; shrubs or trees. | Gossypium |
26. Capsules oblate, indehiscent; trees. | Thespesia |
27. Calyces deciduous, spathaceous. | Abelmoschus |
27. Calyces persistent, not spathaceous | → 28 |
28. Fruits ovoid, subglobose, or spheroid, not fleshy; seeds 2–20 per locule | → 29 |
28. Fruits oblate, rarely fleshy, seeds 1 per locule | → 31 |
29. Calyces gland-dotted; ovaries 3–5-carpellate; styles usually connate to apex; stigmas 3–5, decurrent. | Cienfuegosia |
29. Calyces not gland-dotted; ovaries 5-carpellate; styles proximally connate, distally 5-fid; stigmas 5, capitate to discoid | → 30 |
30. Stipules persistent or caducous, not enlarged in bud; relatively dry habitats or freshwater swamps. | Hibiscus |
30. Stipules caducous, enlarged in bud, leaving annular scars; estuarine habitats. | Talipariti |
31. Fruits 5-angled, sections dehiscent; foliage scabrid; styles 5-fid. | Kosteletzkya |
31. Fruits not angled, indehiscent; foliage glabrous or hairy, seldom scabrid; styles 10-fid | → 32 |
32. Leaves with abaxial nectaries; involucellar bractlets 5. | Urena |
32. Leaves without nectaries; involucellar bractlets 5–9 | → 33 |
33. Petals basally auriculate, usually red; fruits fleshy, red; stamens and stigmas usually exserted. | Malvaviscus |
33. Petals usually not auriculate, lavender, pink, or yellow; fruits dry, not colored; stamens and stigmas usually included. | Pavonia |
34. Involucellar bractlets 6–12 | → 35 |
34. Involucellar bractlets (0 or)1–3 | → 36 |
35. Petals 3+ cm; mericarps 2-celled, proximal cell fertile, distal cell sterile; staminal columns 5-angled, anthers pale yellow. | Alcea |
35. Petals (0.9–)1–2 cm; mericarps 1-celled; staminal columns cylindric, anthers purple or pale pink to almost white or yellow. | Althaea |
36. Leaf blades asymmetric; herbage hairy, hairs mixed stellate and lepidote. | Malvella |
36. Leaf blades symmetric; herbage usually stellate-hairy, glabrate, or glabrous, sometimes some hairs simple, seldom lepidote | → 37 |
37. Mericarps 2-celled; seeds 2 per mericarp; corollas salmon-orange; mericarps drying black; stems prostrate to ascending. | Modiola |
37. Mericarps 1 or 2-celled, seeds 1–4 per mericarp; corollas sometimes salmon-orange; mericarps drying black, brown, or tan; stems usually erect, sometimes ascending, decumbent, or prostrate | → 38 |
38. Corollas yellow or yellow-orange, without darker veins. | Malvastrum |
38. Corollas usually white, pinkish, pink, magenta, rose-purple, rose-pink, purple, mauve, orange, red-orange, or red, sometimes salmon-orange, sometimes with darker veins | → 39 |
39. Stigmas capitate or obliquely capitate | → 40 |
39. Stigmas linear or filiform | → 43 |
40. Stigmas obliquely capitate; mericarps 8–15 mm; seeds 2–4 per mericarp. | Iliamna |
40. Stigmas capitate; mericarps to 8 mm; seeds 1–3 per mericarp | → 41 |
41. Fruits glabrous; mericarps indehiscent; seeds 1 per mericarp; herbs, annual. | Eremalche |
41. Fruits hairy; mericarps dehiscent; seeds 1–3 per mericarp; usually shrubs or subshrubs, rarely herbs | → 42 |
42. Mericarps dehiscent to base, usually smooth; seeds 1 per mericarp; involucellar bractlets persistent, 3. | Malacothamnus |
42. Mericarps proximally indehiscent, ± dehiscent apically, reticulate; seeds 1 or 2(or 3) per mericarp; involucellar bractlets persistent or deciduous, 2 or 3. | Sphaeralcea |
43. Mericarps obtusely beaked, mucronate, or cuspidate | → 44 |
43. Mericarps not beaked, mucronate, or cuspidate | → 45 |
44. Mericarps obtusely beaked or not; anthers ± evenly distributed along staminal column; staminal column single; roots usually taproots; mostly east of 103°W longitude. | Callirhoë |
44. Mericarps mucronate or cuspidate; anthers distal on staminal column; staminal column double (concentric inner and outer series of filaments); roots usually fibrous, fleshy or not; mostly west of 103°W longitude. | Sidalcea |
45. Involucellar bractlets present or absent; staminal column double (concentric inner and outer series of filaments). | Sidalcea |
45. Involucellar bractlets present; staminal column single | → 46 |
46. Mericarps elliptic in cross section, edges rounded, walls readily separating from seed; involucellar bractlets basally connate 1/2 length; style base persistent on fruit, swollen. | Lavatera |
46. Mericarps wedge-shaped in cross section, edges usually sharp, walls not readily separating from seed; involucellar bractlets usually distinct, sometimes basally connate; style bases not both persistent and swollen. | Malva |
1. Involucellar bractlets (1–)3 | → 2 |
1. Involucellar bractlets 0 | → 6 |
2. Calyx lobes divergent in bud, not forming point. | Callirhoë involucrata |
2. Calyx lobes valvate in bud, forming apiculate or acuminate point | → 3 |
3. Involucellar bractlets spatulate or obovate; mericarps dehiscent; leaf blades triangular or ovate-lanceolate, unlobed or shallowly 3- or 5-lobed. | Callirhoë triangulata |
3. Involucellar bractlets linear, lanceolate, or ovate; mericarps indehiscent; leaf blades cordate, ovate, suborbiculate, hastate, or triangular, 3-, 5-, or 7-lobed | → 4 |
4. Stems 1(–6), stiffly erect, densely hairy (hairs stellate, 6–8-rayed); mericarps hairy. | Callirhoë scabriuscula |
4. Stems 1–10, weakly erect, ascending, or decumbent, glabrate or hairy (hairs stellate, mostly 4-rayed); mericarps sparsely hairy | → 5 |
5. Leaf blade lobes broad, oblong or obovate; involucellar bractlets lanceolate or ovate, 8–22 × 1–4 mm; stems hairy (hairs stellate, 4-rayed and often simple, spreading or retrorse). | Callirhoë bushii |
5. Leaf blade lobes narrowly lanceolate, linear, linear-falcate, or lanceolate-falcate; involucellar bractlets narrowly linear, 2–10.5 × 0.1–0.7 mm; stems hairy (hairs stellate, 4-rayed or simple) or sometimes glabrate. | Callirhoë papaver |
6. Annuals (biennials); stipules auriculate; mericarp beaks subtended by 3-lobed collars. | Callirhoë leiocarpa |
6. Perennials; stipules linear-lanceolate, lanceolate to ovate or subulate; mericarp beaks subtended by 2-lobed, weakly developed collars or collars absent | → 7 |
7. Mericarps hairy, beaks prominent, protruding beyond seed-containing portions, forming distal 1/4–1/3 of each mericarp | → 8 |
7. Mericarps glabrous or sparingly hairy, beaks not prominent, not or only slightly elevated beyond seed-containing portions, forming less than distal 1/4 of each mericarp | → 9 |
8. Inflorescences racemose; flowers (in population samples) usually bisexual, rarely functionally pistillate; petals usually reddish purple, rarely white or pink. | Callirhoë pedata |
8. Inflorescences racemose, racemes often appearing corymbose or subumbellate; flowers (in population samples) bisexual or functionally pistillate; petals white, pink, or mauve. | Callirhoë alcaeoides |
9. Stipules caducous; inflorescences paniculate; leaf blades (3–)5–10-lobed. | Callirhoë digitata |
9. Stipules persistent; inflorescences racemose; leaf blades 3–5-lobed | → 10 |
10. Stems glabrous; leaf blades with simple hairs abaxially. | Callirhoë pedata |
10. Stems hairy (hairs stellate, 4-rayed or simple) or sometimes glabrate; leaf blades hairy (hairs 4-rayed and simple) abaxially. | Callirhoë papaver |
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