Liliaceae
Allium
lily family
garlic, onion
solitary or clustered, dividing at base, or on rhizomes, reforming annually;
outer coats generally brown or gray, smooth, fibrous, or with cellular reticulation (generally important in identification);
inner coats membranous.
only rarely persistent, simple, basal and/or cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, herbaceous (scalelike in Asparagus), sometimes sheathing;
blade typically narrow and parallel-veined, occasionally broad and/or reticulate-veined.
generally withering from tip by anthesis, usually persistent, 1–12, basal;
blade usually linear, terete, channeled, or flat (carinate in A. sativum, A. praecox, A. tuberosum, A. rotundum, A. neapolitanum, A. triquetrum, A. unifolium, and A. lacunosum), straight or ± falcate (coiled or circinate in A. nevadense and A. atrorubens), broader in A. victorialis and A. tricoccum, not petiolate (except in A. tricoccum and A. victorialis).
usually persistent, terete or flattened.
racemose, spicate, paniculate, cymose, umbellate, or with flowers single or paired in leaf axils;
bracts 1–several, sometimes involucrate or sheathing, or bracts absent.
umbellate, flowering centripetally (centrifugally in A. schoenoprasum), sometimes replaced totally or partially by bulbils, subtended by spathe bracts;
bracts conspicuous, ± fused, usually 3+-veined, equaling pedicel except in some introduced species, membranous.
usually bisexual, sometimes bisexual and unisexual, or unisexual only, usually pedicellate, occasionally sessile;
perianth actinomorphic or zygomorphic, often very showy;
tepals 6, distinct or less often connate proximally forming tube that may also bear a corona, usually petaloid and ± equal in 2 whorls of 3, or those of outer whorl narrower, greener, more sepaloid;
tepal nectaries often present;
stamens 6, rarely 3 or 4, sometimes 3 fertile and 3 staminodial, free or adnate to perianth;
filaments slender to dilated, occasionally connate-coroniform and/or with bases dilated to form wings;
anthers basifixed with latrorse dehiscence or dorsifixed, versatile, and with introse or extrorse dehiscence, cordate to linear;
ovary superior to inferior, (2–)3(–4)-locular, often with septal nectaries, ovules usually several or many per locule;
styles 1 or 3(–4);
stigmas several and distinct or 1 and capitate.
erect (pendent in A. triquetrum);
tepals 6, in 2 similar whorls, ± distinct, petallike, usually becoming becoming dry and persisting;
stamens 6, epipetalous;
filaments in all but 1 native species broad at base, fused into ring (some introduced species and A. victorialis appendaged), linear, generally glabrous (A. rotundum and A. hoffmanii papillose to ciliate proximally);
anthers and pollen variously colored;
ovary superior, 3-lobed, sometimes crested with processes, 3-locular, usually 2 ovules per locule (6–8 in A. nigrum), crest processes 3 or 6, smooth except in A. haematochiton, A. sharsmithiae, and A. lacunosum;
style 1;
stigma capitate to ± 3-lobed;
pedicel erect or spreading (lax in A. triquetrum).
capsular and loculicidal or septicidal, membranaceous to leathery, or baccate, or dry and indehiscent.
capsular, dehiscence loculicidal.
1–many, often flat and wind-distributed, sometimes thicker and with fleshy elaiosomes.
black, obovoid, finely cellular-reticulate, cells smooth or minutely roughened, with 1–8 papillae, without caruncle except in A. triquetrum.
= 3–27+.
= 7, 8, 9.
Liliaceae
Allium
Genera ca. 280, species ca. 4200 (70 genera, 478 species in the flora; 16 genera, 54 species introduced).
There is no question that the evidence available today (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998; P. J. Rudall et al. 1995; K. L. Wilson and D. A. Morrison 2000) strongly supports extensive dismemberment of A. Cronquist’s (1981, 1988, 1993) very broadly circumscribed Liliaceae. No fewer than 30 segregate families have been recognized, though there is not universal acceptance of all of them, and in some cases their ordinal associations are not yet settled. For the genera of Cronquist’s Liliaceae that are present in the flora, Table 1 summarizes their dispositions among the maximum number of segregate families in recent use. Whether ranked as families or otherwise, these sets of genera represent identifiable lineages that have been variously grouped in recent classifications of the monocots (A. L. Takhtajan 1997; K. Kubitzki et al. 1990+, vol. 3; W. S. Judd et al. 1999; R. F. Thorne 2000; A. B. Doweld 2001). Comments on these assemblages appear below, as well as within the various generic discussions and in the introductory chapter on monocot classification by J. L. Reveal and J. C. Pires at the front of this volume.
Traditionally, Pleea, Triantha, Isidrogalvia Ruíz & Pavón (5 species, South America), Tofieldia, and Harperocallis have been included in the tribe Tofieldieae Horaninow within a polyphyletic Melanthiaceae or Liliaceae sensu lato. However, the vastly different morphologies, anatomies, and cytologies of this lineage (J. D. Ambrose 1975, 1980; M. Takahashi and S. Kawano 1989; R. W. Cruden 1991; P. Goldblatt 1995; M. N. Tamura 1995, 1998b; W. B. Zomlefer 1997c) support its recognition as a separate family, Tofieldiaceae (A. L. Takhtajan 1994b, 1997), in a monotypic order, Tofieldiales (J. L. Reveal and W. B. Zomlefer 1998).
The segregate family Nartheciaceae includes three genera that are present in the flora: Aletris, Narthecium, and Lophiola Ker Gawler (treated under Haemodoraceae herein see p. 47).
Many botanists now consider Trillium and the closely related genera Daiswa Rafinesque, Paris Linnaeus, Kinugasa Tatenaki ex Suto, and Trillidium Kunth (when recognized separately) to constitute the separate family Trilliaceae (R. Y. Berg 1962b; S. Kazempour Osaloo, F. H. Utech, M. Ohara and S. Kawano 1999; S. Kazempour Osaloo and S. Kawano 1999; W. B. Zomlefer 1996). Others (M. W. Chase et al. 2000; W. B. Zomlefer et al. 2001) have defined the Melanthiaceae to include these genera, though the two groups have markedly different morphologies and karyologies.
Most recently, Uvularia has been associated not as before with the Melanthiaceae (J. D. Ambrose 1975, 1980; W. B. Zomlefer 1997b) or the Uvulariaceae of R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. (1985) or the Convallariaceae of A. L. Takhtajan (1980, 1997), but with the east Asian Disporum Salisbury in an expanded Colchicaceae (B. Nordenstam 1998; K. Hayashi et al. 1998).
As defined by A. Cronquist (1981), the Liliaceae contained “about 280 genera and nearly 4000 species.” In a much more restricted, recent sense, the family was considered to include just 11 genera and perhaps 545 species (R. F. Thorne 2000). Thorne recognized two subfamilies, of which the Medeoloideae (Medeola and Clintonia) have sometimes been segregated as the Medeolaceae (A. L. Takhtajan 1997; A. B. Doweld 2001).
T. B. Patterson (1998), K. Kubitzki et al. (1990+, vol. 3), W. S. Judd et al. (1999), R. F. Thorne (2000), and T. B. Patterson and T. J. Givnish (1998) have recognized Calochortaceae separate from Liliaceae. As circumscribed by Patterson and Givnish, the family includes Calochortus, Prosartes, Scoliopus, Streptopus, and Tricyrtis Wallich (not in the flora). A. L. Takhtajan (1997) distributed these genera among three segregate families: Calochortaceae, Scoliopaceae, and Tricyrtidaceae.
Hesperocallis is currently treated as the sole representative of the segregate family Hesperocallidaceae (H. P. Traub 1972; A. L. Takhtajan 1997). Karyologically and embryologically, Hesperocallis is nearest to Hosta (Hostaceae) and the Agavaceae (M. S. Cave 1948, 1970), and even though their base chromosome numbers are different [x = 24 in Hesperocallis and x = 30 in Hosta and Agavaceae (T. W. Whitaker 1934; D. Satô 1935; S. Sen 1975, F. Maekawa and K. Kaneko 1968; M. N. Tamura 1995)], they share a strongly bimodal karyotype. As well, the pollen grains of Hosta plantaginea and Hesperocallis have similar unibaculate muri (A. Alvarez and E. Köhler 1987). Hosta has long been associated with Hemerocallis and Leucocrinum in the liliaceous tribe Hemerocallideae. However, recent molecular and morphological evidence (M. W. Chase et al. 1996; P. J. Rudall and D. F. Cutler 1995) supports separating these genera—Hemerocallis in the Hemerocallidaceae, Leucocrinum in the Anthericaceae (J. G. Conran 1998), and Hosta in a monotypic Hostaceae (K. Kubitzki 1998b; A. L. Takhtajan 1997; W. B. Zomlefer 1998).
In the past, several taxonomic affinities have been suggested for Androstephium, Bloomeria, Brodiaea, Dichelostemma, Milla, Muilla, Triteleia, and Triteleiopsis (Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Alliaceae), but most recently they have been placed in the resurrected family Themidaceae based on molecular and anatomical evidence (M. F. Fay and M. W. Chase 1996; J. C. Pires 2000; J. C. Pires et al. 2001).
The Liliaceae include numerous important ornamentals such as Amaryllis, Hemerocallis, Hosta, Lilium, Narcissus, and Tulipa. The family is a dominant component in the temperate spring flora, which includes both native and introduced species. Many of the introductions, or cultivars derived from them, are from ecologically equivalent, temperate zones and their naturalization potential is high. Asparagus and Allium have edible species of major economic importance, while numerous other genera (e.g., Convallaria, Ornithogalum, Veratrum, Zigadenus) are highly toxic due to the presence of various alkaloids and cardenolides (G. E. Burrows and R. J. Tyrl 2001).
Several horticultural exotics that have been reported as escaped in the flora (J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham 1999) are not clearly naturalized and are not treated herein. They include: Colchicum autumnale Linnaeus, Gagea fistulosa Ker Gawler, G. villosa (M. Bieberstein) Duby, Gloriosa superba Linnaeus, Kniphofia uvaria (Linnaeus) Oken, Liriope muscari (Decaisne) L. H. Bailey, L. spicatum Loureiro, Lycoris radiata (L’Heritier) Herbert, L. squamigera Maximowicz, Ophiopogon jaburan (Siebold) Loddiges, Sternbergia lutea (Linnaeus) Ker Gawler ex Sprengel, and Tricyrtis hirta (Thunberg) Hooker.
Table 1: [see original page on floranorthamerica.org]
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species 550–700 (96 in the flora).
As with many other genera in the Liliaceae sensu lato, Allium has been segregated into a separate family, Alliaceae, by most recent authors (R. Dahlgren et al. 1985; K. Rahn 1998; A. L. Takhtajan 1997; R. F. Thorne 1992).
Old World species of Allium are generally placed in subgenera and sections. Attempts to treat New World species similarly have gained less acceptance. H. P. Traub (1972) recognized subg. Amerallium, encompassing all of the x = 7 North American members of the genus. P. Hanelt (1992) placed the Old World x = 7 species also in that subgenus, which includes all but three of the North American species (A. schoenoprasum, A. tricoccum, and A. victorialis), which have x = 8. These latter species have been placed in subg. Rhizirideum (P. Hanelt 1992). Resolution of the problematic subgeneric and sectional relationships among Old and New World species will require much more extensive molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the genus.
The characters used in the construction of the following key are the best that have been discovered for this purpose. Many of these are subject to sometimes rather wide variation. It is anticipated, therefore, that it can be used successfully only with considerable understanding of the natural units involved, their distribution, and comparison with descriptions and accurately named specimens.
The Allium bulb consists of a series of leaf bases, some with blades, others without, surrounding an apical meristem. The leaf bases are replaced annually as the meristem forms a new (renewal) bulb. Often the meristem will branch, resulting in two or more bulbs being formed from a single parent bulb (increase bulbs). In addition several types of rhizomes are formed in Allium. In some cases (e.g., A. validum) bulbs form atop a thick, iris-like rhizome that produces new bulbs in succeeding years. In other cases (e.g., A. bolanderi, A. campanulatum, and A. unifolium) each bulb produces one or more rhizomes that in turn produce a terminal renewal or increase bulb. There is variation even in this type of rhizome. In some species (e.g., A. bolanderi and A. unifolium) the bulb producing the rhizomes disappears during the development of the rhizomes and new bulbs except for the roots, which remain active until the new bulbs mature and become dormant. In others (e.g., A. campanulatum) the bulb produces a number of very short rhizomes around the roots, each of which develops a very small terminal bulbel. At the same time, the parent bulb remains intact and produces a renewal bulb, or may divide to produce two or more large increase bulbs. As a result, specimens with this type of rhizome will have one or more large bulbs with a number of much smaller bulbels among the roots.
The underground parts of Allium are often critical for successful identification, and every effort should always be made to collect them. The “dirty” brown or gray coats surrounding the bulbs are the only source for the cellular-reticulation patterns referred to in the key. These should be carefully collected and preserved as part of any specimen.
Several Old World species (Allium ampeloprasum Linnaeus, A. cepa Linnaeus, A. oleraceum Linnaeus, A. sativum Linnaeus, A. nigrum Linnaeus), grown as foodstuffs or ornamentals, may be encountered and are certainly represented in North American herbaria. For this reason, these species have been included in the key. Some do not reproduce by seeds and probably should not be considered as truly naturalized in our flora, although they may persist for long periods at or near places where they have been planted. Additionally, over 52 species contained in this treatment are considered choice garden plants and are readily available through catalogues and garden centers. Locally, these species and possibly others grown as garden plants may escape and become established. It is inevitable, therefore, that numerous specimens of these escapees will be represented in North American herbaria and may muddy the boundaries of what is regarded to be the natural distribution. We have attempted in all cases to map what we consider to be the natural ranges of these species, based on the specimens examined over the years. Material falling outside these ranges may include these escapees and should be suspect.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. True leaves small, scalelike, their function taken over by lanceolate or ovate, filiform, or flattened cladophylls that are borne singly or in clusters in leaf axils. | Asparagus |
1. True leaves (bracts in Trillium) present, herbaceous, cladophylls absent. | → 2 |
2. Ovary subterranean. | Leucocrinum |
2. Ovary above ground. | → 3 |
3. Ovary inferior (or partly inferior in Zigadenus). | → 4 |
3. Ovary superior (only partly superior in Aletris, Amianthium, Melanthium, Stenanthium, and Veratrum). | → 14 |
4. Inflorescences racemose, corymbose, or paniculate. | Zigadenus |
4. Inflorescences 1-flowered or umbellate. | → 5 |
5. Flowers with corona. | → 6 |
5. Flowers without corona. | → 8 |
6. Corona funnelform or rotate. | Hymenocallis |
6. Corona cupular to trumpetlike. | → 7 |
7. Perianth yellow and/or white; corona tubular and separate from filaments; stigma 3-lobed. | Narcissus |
7. Perianth reddish to salmon, each outer tepal with whitish adaxial midstripe; corona minute, reduced to small crown; stigma capitate or slightly 3-lobed. | Hippeastrum |
8. Plants from tubers, rhizomes, or corms. | → 9 |
8. Plants from bulbs. | → 10 |
9. Rootstocks tuberous; plants with leafy stems; flowers slightly zygomorphic; tepals red, orange, purple, green or white, frequently spotted. | Alstroemeria |
9. Rootstocks rhizomatous or cormlike; plants scapose, with short, subterranean stem; flowers actinomorphic; tepals often greenish abaxially, yellow adaxially, ± pilose. | Hypoxis |
10. Inflorescences few- to many-flowered; style capitate; capsules prominently beaked. | Crinum |
10. Inflorescences 1–7-flowered; style filiform or clavate; capsules globose or ± subglobose. | → 11 |
11. Flowers declinate or ± erect; perianth 2–16 cm. | → 12 |
11. Flowers nodding; perianth 2.5 cm or shorter. | → 13 |
12. Stamens of two lengths. | Zephyranthes |
12. Stamens of four lengths. | Habranthus |
13. Inflorescences 2–7-flowered; scape hollow; tepals equal. | Leucojum |
13. Inflorescences 1-flowered; scape solid; tepals unequal. | Galanthus |
14. Inflorescences umbellate (or sometimes racemose in Dichelostemma), always subtended by spathes or bracts. | → 15 |
14. Inflorescences various or 1-flowered, sometimes bracteate, never spathaceous. | → 24 |
15. Tepals distinct or connate basally into very short perianth tube. | → 16 |
15. Tepals distinctly connate proximally into perianth tube. | → 18 |
16. Plants smelling of onion. | Allium |
16. Plants not smelling of onion. | → 17 |
17. Filaments sometimes dilated at base into cup, cup sometimes with basal filament appendages; pedicel articulate. | Bloomeria |
17. Filaments sometimes overlapping or connate but without appendages; pedicel not articulate. | Muilla |
18. Bracts 4; flowers sessile but appearing pedicellate because of long, slender perianth tube. | Milla |
18. Bracts 2 or more; flowers pedicellate. | → 19 |
19. Fertile stamens 3 (or 6 but 3 much smaller). | → 20 |
19. Fertile stamens 6. | → 21 |
20. Leaves rounded abaxially; scape rigid; inflorescences open; staminodia usually 3, alternating with 3 fertile stamens; corona absent; stigma 3-lobed, lobes distinctly spreading and recurved. | Brodiaea |
20. Leaves keeled abaxially; scape curved to twining; inflorescences usually dense; perianth appendages arising from intersection of perianth tube and lobes, forming corona; stigma weakly 3-lobed. | Dichelostemma |
21. Filaments connate into tube with 2-fid appendages forming crown. | Androstephium |
21. Filaments distinct, or crown not formed by 2-fid lobes. | → 22 |
22. Plants from bulbs with membranous outer coats. | Nothoscordum |
22. Plants from fibrous-coated corms. | → 23 |
23. Scape 1–5 mm diam.; stigma weakly 3-lobed. | Triteleia |
23. Scape 7–15 mm diam.; stigma not lobed. | Triteleiopsis |
24. Styles 3 (rarely 4), distinct, or stigmas 3, distinct (sometimes connate in Trillium), borne directly on ovary. | → 25 |
24. Style 1, sometimes 3-branched or -lobed at apex, or absent and stigmas connate, borne directly on ovary. | → 40 |
25. Leaves (bracts in Trillium) in 1 or 2 whorls on flowering stem, or 2, opposite, never long and grasslike. | → 26 |
25. Leaves several to many, all basal or borne on flowering stem, if 2 and opposite then grasslike, at least 8 times longer than broad. | → 28 |
26. Flowers solitary, terminal. | Trillium |
26. Flowers in umbellate arrays. | → 27 |
27. Leaves 2 at base of each flowering stem; stamens 3. | Scoliopus |
27. Leaves in 2 whorls on each flowering stem; stamens 6. | Medeola |
28. Some part of plant obviously hairy or covered with scales (except glabrous in Amianthium). | → 29 |
28. No part of plant obviously hairy or covered with scales. | → 33 |
29. Tepals conspicuously clawed. | Melanthium |
29. Tepals not clawed. | → 30 |
30. Leaf blades broadly ovate to elliptic with many conspicuous veins, narrowed towards stalklike, sheathing bases. | Veratrum |
30. Leaf blades narrow, without conspicuous veins, not narrowing towards sheathing bases. | → 31 |
31. Perigonal nectaries absent. | Amianthium |
31. Perigonal nectaries not well developed to prominent. | → 32 |
32. Seeds broadly winged. | Melanthium |
32. Seeds irregularly compressed or angled. | Schoenocaulon |
33. Plants from bulbs and reduced rhizomes. | Stenanthium |
33. Plants from rhizomes or fleshy roots. | → 34 |
34. Anther dehiscence extrorse; capsules loculicidal. | → 35 |
34. Anther dehiscence introrse; capsules septicidal. | → 37 |
35. Plants from rhizome terminating in bulb, roots thick and cordlike; leaves rigid, filiform; inflorescences bracteate. | Xerophyllum |
35. Plants from rhizomes with fibrous roots; leaves flexible, broad; inflorescences ebracteate. | → 36 |
36. Flowers dioecious, occasionally polygamodioecious; tepals white to greenish white, drying to yellow; gynoecium weakly syncarpous (carpels coherent); style arising from ovary apex; seeds with winglike arils. | Chamaelirium |
36. Flowers bisexual only; tepals purplish pink; gynoecium syncarpous; style sunken into ovary apex; seeds caudate at both ends. | Helonias |
37. Inflorescences 1-flowered; braceteoles of epicalyx distinct; anthers with appendages; ovary and fruits conspicuously and densely tuberculate; seeds yellowish. | Harperocallis |
37. Inflorescences racemose or thyrsate; bracteoles of epicalyx connate; anthers without appendages; ovary and fruits glabrous or with minute, scattered tubercles; seeds reddish brown to brown. | → 38 |
38. Anthers 9. | Pleea |
38. Anthers 6. | → 39 |
39. Stems smooth; seeds without appendages. | Tofieldia |
39. Stems glandular-pubescent; seeds with appendages. | Triantha |
40. Tepals connate basally for more than 1/10 total length. | → 41 |
40. Tepals distinct or connate basally for less than 1/10 total length. | → 49 |
41. Flowering stems leafy. | → 42 |
41. Flowering stems leafless, leaves all or mostly basal. | → 43 |
42. Leaves distinctly petiolate; racemes 1-sided. | Convallaria |
42. Leaves clasping, subsessile, or short-petiolate; racemes not 1-sided. | Polygonatum |
43. Plants from rhizomes with fleshy or fibrous roots. | → 44 |
43. Plants from bulbs. | → 46 |
44. Leaves distinctly petiolate. | Hosta |
44. Leaves sessile. | → 45 |
45. Inflorescences racemose; style 3-branched at apex. | Aletris |
45. Inflorescences 1-flowered or in terminal helicoid cymes; style unbranched at apex. | Hemerocallis |
46. Inflorescences dense, racemose. | Muscari |
46. Inflorescences open, racemose or paniculate. | → 47 |
47. Perianth 4.5–6 cm, funnelform. | Hesperocallis |
47. Perianth 2 cm or shorter, lobes spreading or reflexed. | → 48 |
48. Plants 10–20 cm; tepals blue or blue and white; anther dehiscence introrse. | Chionodoxa |
48. Plants 12–55 cm; tepals creamy white to yellowish; anthers dehiscing through pores | Odontostomum |
49. Plants from rhizomes with fleshy or fibrous roots (except from corms in Echeandia). | → 50 |
49. Plants from bulbs or corms. | → 61 |
50. Leaves basal. | → 51 |
50. Leaves cauline (or basal in Dianella). | → 55 |
51. Fruits baccate. | Clintonia |
51. Fruits capsular. | → 52 |
52. Stamens 3; tepals dimorphic. | Scoliopus |
52. Stamens 6; tepals equal. | → 53 |
53. Ovules 1 or 2 per locule. | Asphodelus |
53. Ovules 4–8+ per locule. | → 54 |
54. Anthers dorsifixed near base. | Echeandia |
54. Anthers basifixed. | Eremocrinum |
55. Fruits capsular. | → 56 |
55. Fruits baccate. | → 57 |
56. Inflorescences racemose; tepals spreading; filaments pubescent. | Narthecium |
56. Inflorescences 1-flowered; tepals imbricate; filaments glabrous. | Uvularia |
57. Anthers opening by pores. | Dianella |
57. Anthers opening by slits. | → 58 |
58. Flowering stem with only 2 or 3 leaves along its length or with several leaves concentrated towards base. | Maianthemum |
58. Flowering stem leafy over most of its length below inflorescence. | → 59 |
59. Flowers solitary or in pairs; peduncle adnate to stem, arising opposite next leaf axial, free portion of pedicel geniculate. | Streptopus |
59. Flowers and pedicel not as above, peduncle absent. | → 60 |
60. Stems simple; tepals neither swollen nor slightly inflated above base; ovary with septal nectaries. | Maianthemum |
60. Stems branched distally; tepals weakly gibbous proximally; ovary lacking septal nectaries. | Prosartes |
61. Plants caulescent or scapose; inflorescences usually racemose, never paniculate; perianth never blue (except in a few species of Calochortus). | → 62 |
61. Plants scapose, never caulescent; inflorescences varying, sometimes paniculate; perianth often blue. | → 68 |
62. Tepals without nectaries at base. | Tulipa |
62. Tepals with nectaries at base. | → 63 |
63. Style absent, stigmas borne directly on ovary. | Calochortus |
63. Style present. | → 64 |
64. Inflorescences racemose, umbellate, or paniculate. | → 65 |
64. Inflorescences racemose only. | → 66 |
65. Tepals twisting together after flowering; pedicel articulate. | Chlorogalum |
65. Tepals not twisting together after flowering; pedicel not articulate. | Lilium |
66. Tepals reflexed. | Erythronium |
66. Tepals not reflexed, or reflexed only at apex. | → 67 |
67. Tepals in 2 distinct whorls; bulb tunics usually absent, thin and white if present. | Fritillaria |
67. Tepals not in 2 distinct whorls; bulb tunics always brown. | Lloydia |
68. Perianth white, each tepal with wide green abaxial stripe. | Ornithogalum |
68. Perianth variously colored. | → 69 |
69. Ovules 2 per locule; tepals 3–12 mm. | → 70 |
69. Ovules 1–12 per locule; tepals (6–)12–40 mm. | → 71 |
70. Pedicel 6–15(–30) mm; filaments equal, 1–2 mm. | Schoenolirion |
70. Pedicel 2–3 mm; filaments dimorphic, 4–8 mm. | Hastingsia |
71. Tepals each 3–4-veined. | Camassia |
71. Tepals each 1-veined. | → 72 |
72. Bracts 2 per flower. | Hyacinthoides |
72. Bracts 1 per flower, or absent. | Scilla |
1. Leaf blade flat, 15–90 mm wide, (tapering to base or distinctly petiolate). | → 2 |
1. Leaf blade flat, channeled, or ± terete, never more than 30 mm wide, (never petiolate). | → 3 |
2. Leaves ephemeral, usually absent at anthesis; e North America. | A. tricoccum |
2. Leaves present at anthesis; Attu and Unalaska islands, Alaska. | A. victorialis |
3. Flowering pedicels mostly or completely replaced by bulbils. | → 4 |
3. Flowering pedicels floriferous, bulbils almost unknown. | → 9 |
4. Outer bulb coats persisting as fibrous reticulum; leaf sheaths not extending more than 1/4 scape; spathe bract beakless or beak much shorter than base. | → 5 |
4. Outer bulb coats membranous, if with fibers these not forming reticulum; leaf sheaths extending to midscape or above; spathe bract with beak equaling or longer than base. | → 6 |
5. Ovary, when present, crestless; spathe bracts 3–7-veined; east of 103rd meridian. | A. canadense |
5. Ovary, when present, obscurely crested with 6, low, central processes; spathe bracts 1-veined; west of 105th meridian. | A. geyeri |
6. Spathe bract 1, caducous. | → 7 |
6. Spathe bracts 2–5, persistent. | → 8 |
7. Bulbs 1–2 cm diam.; leaf blade 2–4 mm diam., cylindric or filiform, not carinate, hollow below middle. | A. vineale |
7. Bulbs (1.5–)3–8 cm diam.; leaf blade 5–20 mm wide, flat, carinate, solid. | sativum var. sativum |
8. Spathe bracts 2–5, 4–9-veined, beak to 20 cm. | A. oleraceum |
8. Spathe bracts 3–5, 2–3-veined, beak to 10 cm. | A. ampeloprasum |
9. Outer bulb coats persisting as fibrous reticulum. | → 10 |
9. Outer bulb coats membranous to chartaceous, with or without distinct cellular markings (reticulation); without fibers or with some parallel fibers. | → 24 |
10. Ovary usually crestless; if obscurely crested, with 3 or 6 processes; east of 103rd meridian. | → 11 |
10. Ovary usually crested with 3 or 6 processes; if crestless, from west of 105th meridian. | → 17 |
11. Spathe bracts usually 1-veined. | → 12 |
11. Spathe bracts 3–7-veined. | → 13 |
12. Spaces between bulb coat fibers filled in proximal 1/2 bulb; tepals white, pink, or red, rarely greenish yellow; central plains from n Mexico to Nebraska. | A. drummondii |
12. Spaces between bulb coat fibers open; tepals yellow; w Texas. | A. coryi |
13. Umbel compact; pedicels much shorter than flowers. | A. schoenoprasum |
13. Umbel loose; pedicels longer than flowers. | → 14 |
14. Flowers substellate to urceolate-campanulate, ultimately withering somewhat and exposing capsule; reticula of bulbs finely or only moderately coarsely meshed. | → 15 |
14. Flowers urceolate, permanently investing capsule; reticula of bulbs usually very coarsely meshed. | → 16 |
15. Bulbs 1–3, narrowly cylindric, attached to ± horizontal primary rhizome, often missing or not visible on herbarium specimens; leaf blade carinate; cells of seed coat smooth, shiny; occasional introduction. | A. tuberosum |
15. Bulbs 1–4+, ovoid, not attached to rhizome; leaf blades not carinate, channeled; cells of seed coat each with minute, central papilla; native east of 103rd meridian. | A. canadense |
16. Flowering bulbs with cluster of stalked, basal bulbels; cells of innermost bulb coats contorted, with sinuous walls; extreme s Texas. | A. runyonii |
16. Flowering bulbs without basal bulbels; cells of innermost bulb coats vertically elongate, without sinuous walls; w Texas and e New Mexico to c South Dakota. | A. perdulce |
17. Ovary and capsule conspicuously crested with 6 contorted or horizontally spreading, ± lateral processes; tepals widely spreading to reflexed, se United States. | → 18 |
17. Ovary crested with 6 ± erect, often obscure central processes; tepals erect to widely spreading; w North America. | → 19 |
18. Spathe bracts usually 5–7-veined; ovary crests conspicuously contorted; tepals spreading to reflexed. | A. cuthbertii |
18. Spathe bracts 1-veined; ovary crests flattened, horizontally spreading, not contorted; tepals widely spreading. | A. speculae |
19. Leaves 3+ per scape; cells of seed coat each with minute, central papilla. | → 20 |
19. Leaves usually 2 per scape; cells of seed coat ± smooth, with or without central papillae. | → 22 |
20. Bulbs often short-rhizomatous basally; spathe bracts 3–5-veined; ovary conspicuously crested with 6 flattened, lacerate central processes; tepals spreading or reflexed, withering in fruit, not investing capsule. | A. plummerae |
20. Bulbs not short-rhizomatous; spathe bracts usually 1-veined; ovary obscurely crested with 6 rounded central processes; tepals erect, not withering in fruit, permanently investing capsule. | → 21 |
21. Leaf blade flat, ± falcate, usually 3–6 mm wide; Box Elder County, Utah. | A. passeyi |
21. Leaf blade channeled, ± straight, usually less than 5 mm wide; widespread, n Great Plains and w North America. | A. geyeri |
22. Spathe bracts 3–5-veined; tepals becoming papery in fruit, midrib scarcely thickened, not investing capsule; ovary usually conspicuously crested with 6 flattened central processes, often to 2 mm. | A. macropetalum |
22. Spathe bracts 1-veined; tepals becoming callous-keeled, permanently investing capsule; ovary inconspicuously crested with 6 rounded central processes, to 1 mm. | → 23 |
23. Leaf blade flat, ± falcate, usually 3–6 mm wide; cells of seed coat with minute central papilla; Box Elder County, Utah. | A. passeyi |
23. Leaf blade semiterete, channeled, ± straight, usually 1–3(–5) mm wide; cells of seed coat smooth; n Great Plains and w North America. | A. textile |
24. Scape fistulose, 3–25 mm diam., not flattened and winged; leaves 2–10, blade flat and solid, or fistulose. | → 25 |
24. Scape solid, exceeding 5 mm wide only if flattened and winged; leaves 1–several, leaf blade solid. | → 29 |
25. Leaf blade flat, solid. | → 26 |
25. Leaf blade fistulose. | → 27 |
26. Leaves not or scarcely sheathing base of scape. | A. nigrum |
26. Leaves sheathing 1/3–1/2 scape. | A. ampeloprasum |
27. Bulbs 1–3, to 10 cm diam., ± globose, not rhizomatous; leaf blade semicircular in cross section; occasional escape from cultivation. | A. cepa |
27. Bulbs 1–2, 5 cm diam., cylindric, clustered on short rhizome (this often missing or not visible on herbarium specimens); leaf blade circular in cross section; native or introduced. | → 28 |
28. Flowers 8–18 mm; tepals lilac to pale purple; native or introduced. | A. schoenoprasum |
28. Flowers 6–9 mm; tepals pale yellowish white; introduced. | A. fistulosum |
29. Leaves (3–)5–40 mm wide, basal sheaths extending 1/3–1/2 scape. | → 30 |
29. Leaves 1–25 mm wide, basal sheaths never extending much above soil level. | → 31 |
30. Filaments unappendaged; leaf blade terete to semiterete; bulbels, if present, light brown. | A. paniculatum |
30. Inner filaments appendaged with prominent tooth on each side of anther; leaf blade flat, channeled; bulbels very dark purple. | A. rotundum |
31. Bulbs oblong, elongate, or ovoid, clustered on stout, primary rhizome, or short-rhizomatous; bulb coats membranous or chartaceous, finely striate with narrow, vertically elongate cells. | → 32 |
31. Bulbs ovoid to subglobose, not clustered on stout, primary rhizome; rhizomes, if present, secondary, arising from bulbs, ± slender, terminated by new bulbs; bulb coats without reticulation or with ± isodiametric or transversely elongate cells that are sometimes intricately contorted. | → 37 |
32. Bulbs on stout, iris-like rhizome; ovary crestless. | → 33 |
32. Bulbs short-rhizomatous at base, rhizome not stout and iris-like; ovary strongly crested with 6 processes. | → 35 |
33. Tepals elliptic, apex obtuse; stamens ± equaling tepals; ec Arizona and adjacent New Mexico, and Santa Catalina Mountains, s Arizona. | A. gooddingii |
33. Tepals narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, apex acuminate; stamens much shorter than tepals or definitely exserted; widespread in w North America, not occurring in Arizona. | → 34 |
34. Stamens and style exserted; stigma capitate; Cascades and Sierras e to ne Nevada, e Oregon, w Idaho. | A. validum |
34. Stamens and style ca. 1/2 tepals; stigma 3-lobed; Rocky Mountains from c Montana and ne Idaho to Wyoming, ne Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. | A. brevistylum |
35. Stamens and styles included; outer bulb coats ± reddish brown, inner coats deep red to white; ovary crested with 6 short, rounded, densely papillose processes. | A. haematochiton |
35. Stamens and styles exserted; outer bulb coats gray or brown, inner coats white to pink or reddish; ovary crested with 6 flattened, ± triangular processes, margins entire or toothed. | → 36 |
36. Flowers campanulate; tepals ± erect; scape nodding. | A. cernuum |
36. Flowers stellate; tepals spreading; scape erect, or, if nodding at anthesis, becoming erect. | A. stellatum |
37. Leaf 1 per scape; leaf blade terete; ovary prominently crested with 6 ± triangular processes. | → 38 |
37. Leaves usually 2 or more, if 1, blade flattened or broadly channeled; ovary crestless or variously crested. | → 55 |
38. Stigma unlobed or minutely 3-lobed, lobes ± stout, erect or spreading. | → 39 |
38. Stigma distinctly 3-lobed, lobes often slender and recurved. | → 43 |
39. Scape 18–60 cm; flowers 5–9 mm; tepals unequal, inner whorl 1/4–1/3 longer than outer, margins entire or irregular to erose; stamens exserted. | A. sanbornii |
39. Scape less than 25 cm; flowers 7–20 mm; tepals ± equal, margins entire; stamens included. | → 40 |
40. Outer bulb coat reticulate with ± elongate, contorted meshes. | A. nevadense |
40. Outer bulb coat lacking reticulation, or meshes very indistinct, square or polygonal. | → 41 |
41. Pedicels slender, longer than flowers; flowers 8–12 mm. | A. atrorubens |
41. Pedicels stout, generally shorter than flowers; flowers 12–20 mm. | → 42 |
42. Tepals lanceolate to lance-linear, apex acute; lacking stalked, basal increase bulbs; rocky, sandy desert slopes, s California to w Arizona. | A. parishii |
42. Tepals lance-linear to lanceolate, apex long-acuminate; with 1–2 stalked basal increase bulbs; alpine ridges and talus, s California mountains. | A. monticola |
43. Stamens equaling tepals or exserted. | → 44 |
43. Stamens included. | → 45 |
44. Tepals unequal, inner 1/3–1/2 longer than outer. | A. sanbornii |
44. Tepals ± equal. | A. howellii |
45. Tepal (at least inner whorl) margins denticulate to erose. | → 46 |
45. Tepal margins all ± entire. | → 48 |
46. Scape 25–40 cm. | A. jepsonii |
46. Scape 5–20 cm. | → 47 |
47. Outer bulb coats reddish brown; tepals erect, ± straight at tip; inner whorl margins denticulate. | A. denticulatum |
47. Outer bulb coats brown to gray; tepals erect, ± spreading-reflexed at tip; inner whorl margins denticulate to erose. | A. abramsii |
48. Margins of ovarian crest processes entire or notched at tip, outer margins sometimes irregular but never dentate or laciniate. | → 49 |
48. Margins of ovarian crest processes dentate to laciniate. | → 52 |
49. Flowers 10–18 mm; tepals maroon or deep reddish purple. | → 50 |
49. Flowers 6–9 mm; tepals white to pink, darkening in age. | → 51 |
50. Tepals deep reddish purple, all reflexed at tip; Mount Hamilton Range, c California. | A. sharsmithiae |
50. Tepals maroon, outer curled back at tip, inner reflexed; Spanish Needle Peak, s Sierra Nevada, and Horse Canyon, Tehachapi Mountains, California. | A. shevockii |
51. Inflorescence loose; pedicels flexuous in fruit; tepals lanceolate to lance-ovate, apex acuminate. | A. parryi |
51. Inflorescence compact; pedicels straight; tepals ovate to nearly round, apex obtuse (rarely acute) to shallowly emarginate. | A. munzii |
52. Tepals deep reddish purple, erect, usually conspicuously recurved at tip. | A. fimbriatum |
52. Tepals white or flushed to pale lavender with darker midveins, spreading or erect, not conspicuously recurved at tip. | → 53 |
53. Flowers usually 6–12 mm. | A. fimbriatum |
53. Flowers usually 6–8(–10) mm. | → 54 |
54. Scape 25–50 cm; tepals spreading from base; serpentine soil, Rawhide Hill and Red Hills, foothills of Sierra Nevada, c California. | A. tuolumnense |
54. Scape 7–20(–30) cm; tepals erect; serpentine clay soils, s Coast Ranges and w Transverse Ranges, California. | A. diabolense |
55. Bulbs generally with numerous increase bulbs, these much smaller than parent bulb, enclosed by bulb coats, in basal cluster or on threadlike rhizomes to 10 cm. | → 56 |
55. Increase bulbs absent or 1–4, ± equaling parent bulbs, enclosed by parental bulb coats, never appearing as basal cluster, not rhizomatous or rhizomes 2+ mm thick (not threadlike). | → 60 |
56. Ovary crestless or obscurely crested with 3 low central processes. | → 57 |
56. Ovary prominently crested with 6 triangular central processes, margins finely papillose or denticulate. | → 58 |
57. Larger bulbs each with cluster of bulbels surrounding roots; s Texas. | A. elmendorfii |
57. Larger bulbs each with cluster of small, basal bulbels on one side; ne Oregon and wc Idaho. | A. madidum |
58. Leaves usually beginning to wither from tip by anthesis; tepals rigid (not papery), ± shiny in fruit, strongly involute at tip, carinate. | A. campanulatum |
58. Leaves usually green at anthesis; tepals papery (not rigid and shiny) in fruit, not strongly involute, not carinate. | → 59 |
59. Tepals ovate to elliptic, apex acute to acuminate; foothills of Sierra Nevada, n, c California. | A. membranaceum |
59. Tepals lanceolate, apex acuminate; Sierra Nevada, California, and intermountain region n to Oregon, Idaho. | A. bisceptrum |
60. Leaf blade channeled to subterete, if flat, not falcate. | → 61 |
60. Leaf blade flat or broadly channeled, if flat, ± falcate. | → 79 |
61. Bulb coats lacking reticulation or reticulum delicate, very obscure under hand lens. | → 62 |
61. Bulb coats obviously reticulate with prominent meshes under hand lens. | → 68 |
62. Bulbs ovoid to subglobose; rhizomes absent, renewal bulbs formed within coats of parent bulb; native or introduced. | → 63 |
62. Bulbs oblique or oblique-ovoid, renewal bulbs borne terminally on rhizomes outside coats of parent bulbs; native. | → 65 |
63. Scape terete throughout, 1–3 mm diam.; leaf blade 1–3 mm wide; native to w Texas to se Arizona. | A. kunthii |
63. Scape triquetrous, 2-edged or slightly winged proximally, if terete only proximally so, 1–10 mm wide; introduced in California and Oregon near the Pacific coast. | → 64 |
64. Umbel erect, ± hemispheric; flowers ± erect; tepals broadly elliptic, apex obtuse. | A. neapolitanum |
64. Umbel lax, ± 1-sided; flowers pendent; tepals lanceolate, apex acute. | A. triquetrum |
65. Rhizomes conspicuous, 2 cm or more, including renewal bulbs. | → 66 |
65. Rhizomes inconspicuous, 2 cm or less, including renewal bulb. | → 67 |
66. Rhizomes smooth, parent bulb disappearing by anthesis except for still-functional roots and bulb coat; leaf blade broadly concave-convex or ± flattened, carinate; tepals obovate to ovate, apex acute to obtuse or emarginate; Coast Ranges, California, Oregon. | A. unifolium |
66. Rhizomes scaly, sometimes absent, often missing in herbarium specimens, parent bulb persisting after anthesis; leaf blade flat, not carinate; tepals lanceolate to oblong, apex acute to acuminate; trans- Pecos Texas to se Arizona. | A. rhizomatum |
67. Tepals erect, red-purple, rarely pure white, at least inner tepal margins serrulate; nw California, sw Oregon. | A. bolanderi |
67. Tepals ± spreading, white to pale pink, margins entire; w Texas to se Arizona. | A. kunthii |
68. Cells of outer bulb coat square or polygonal. | → 69 |
68. Cells of bulb coat transversely elongate, V-shaped, arranged in ± vertical rows, forming herringbone pattern, or ± contorted. | → 72 |
69. Ovary with 6 prominent, flat, ± triangular crest processes. | A. bigelovii |
69. Ovary with 3 or 6 minute, rounded crest processes, or crest obscure. | → 70 |
70. Flowers 4–9 mm; tepals erect or spreading from base, margins entire. | A. lacunosum |
70. Flowers 8–16 mm; tepals spreading at tip, inner tepal margins denticulate. | → 71 |
71. Bulb forming 1–3 renewal bulbs borne terminally on rhizomes outside coats of parent bulb; parent bulb disappearing by anthesis except for still-functional roots and shriveled bulb coats; near Weller Butte, Blue Mountains, se Washington. | A. dictuon |
71. Bulbs not forming rhizomes, renewal bulbs formed within coats of parent bulb; widespread w of Rocky Mountains. | A. acuminatum |
72. Cells of bulb coat in wavy, transverse rows, forming indistinct herringbone pattern or ± contorted; tepals spreading, ± equal. | → 73 |
72. Cells of bulb coat in sharply serrate, transverse rows, forming distinct herringbone pattern; tepals erect, inner shorter, narrower. | → 76 |
73. Scape (3–)5–15(–17) cm; umbel persistent; tepals erect, not connivent over capsule in fruit. | A. hickmanii |
73. Scape 15–60 cm; umbel shattering, each flower with its pedicel falling as unit; tepals connivent over capsule in fruit. | → 74 |
74. Ovary crested with 6 ± rectangular lateral processes; umbel compact; pedicel 0.7–2 times perianth. | A. amplectens |
74. Ovary crestless or crested with 3 minute, 2-lobed central processes; umbel loose; pedicel 1.5–4 times perianth. | → 75 |
75. Leaf blade to 10 mm wide, channeled or flattened, carinate; inner bulb coats white; tepals becoming papery (not hyaline) after anthesis. | A. praecox |
75. Leaf blade 1–3 mm wide, channeled or subterete, not carinate; inner bulb coats light yellow or white; tepals becoming hyaline (not papery) after anthesis. | A. hyalinum |
76. Tepals connivent over capsule in fruit, not rigid; umbel shattering in fruit, each flower with its pedicel falling as a unit. | A. serra |
76. Tepals not connivent over capsule, rigid in fruit; umbel persistent. | → 77 |
77. Leaves 3–6, blade arcuate to tortuous; umbel compact; pedicels 5–20 mm; sea cliffs, n, c California. | A. dichlamydeum |
77. Leaves 2–3, blade straight to arcuate; umbel loose; pedicels 10–40 mm; not on sea cliffs, California Floristic Province, extending south in coastal ranges. | → 78 |
78. Inner tepal margins denticulate, crisped. | A. crispum |
78. Inner tepal margins entire to denticulate, never crisped. | A. peninsulare |
79. Scape and leaves persisting after seeds mature or on pressing, or only tardily deciduous. | → 80 |
79. Scape and leaves forming abcission layer at soil surface and deciduous when seeds mature, also frequently breaking at soil surface after pressing. | → 86 |
80. Stamens much shorter than tepals. | → 81 |
80. Stamens equaling tepals or exserted. | → 82 |
81. Bulb coat cellular-reticulate with elongate, ± obscure, intricately contorted cells (resembling Allium madidum, but never with cluster of basal bulbels). | A. fibrillum |
81. Bulb coat cellular-reticulate with ± narrowly hexagonal, transversely elongate cells. | A. brandegeei |
82. Scape expanded proximal to inflorescence; leaf blade (2–)5–8 mm wide. | A. columbianum |
82. Scape thickest immediately proximal to inflorescence; leaf blade 1–5(–15) mm wide. | → 83 |
83. Scape constricted just proximal to inflorescence, then expanded; leaf blade 1–3(–5) mm wide. | A. constrictum |
83. Scape not expanded proximal to inflorescence; leaf blade 2–5(–15) mm wide. | → 84 |
84. Leaf blade usually more than 5 mm wide, flat; umbel 25–50-flowered; spathe bracts 3. | A. douglasii |
84. Leaf blade 2–3 mm wide, flat to channeled; umbel 10–30-flowered; spathe bracts 2. | → 85 |
85. Bulb coat with quadrate to polygonal reticulations; leaf blade ± equaling scape. | A. nevii |
85. Bulb coat without reticulations or with 2–3 rows of ± quadrate cells just distal to roots; leaf blade exceeding scape. | A. macrum |
86. Outer bulb coats cellular-reticulate throughout (often obscurely so in A. aaseae and A. simillimum). | → 87 |
86. Outer bulb coats not cellular-reticulate or with 2–3 rows of cells just distal to roots. | → 93 |
87. Bulb coats obscurely cellular-reticulate with ± contorted cells; tepal margins denticulate to erose. | → 88 |
87. Bulb coats ± prominently cellular-reticulate; tepal margins entire. | → 89 |
88. Tepals white with greenish or reddish veins, sometimes flushed pink; anthers purple or mottled purple and white; pollen white or gray. | A. simillimum |
88. Tepals bright pink, rarely white; anthers yellow; pollen yellow. | A. aaseae |
89. Bulb coats reticulate, cells irregularly arranged, ± polygonal, rectangular, or transversely elongate, ± curved. | → 90 |
89. Bulb coats reticulate, cells arranged in ± regular vertical rows, narrowly hexagonal to rectangular, transversely elongate. | → 91 |
90. Cells of bulb coat irregularly arranged, ± transversely elongate, curved; Tuolumne County, c California. | A. tribracteatum |
90. Cells of bulb coat irregularly arranged or in ± regular vertical rows, polygonal or ± rectangular; Sierra Nevada, California, and Nevada. | A. obtusum |
91. Tepals linear-lanceolate. | A. anceps |
91. Tepals oblanceolate to ovate. | → 92 |
92. Scape 3–10 cm; pedicel ± equaling perianth. | A. punctum |
92. Scape 15–20 cm; pedicel 2–3 times perianth. | A. lemmonii |
93. Scape terete or ± compressed, not winged. | → 94 |
93. Scape flattened, 2-edged or usually winged distally. | → 99 |
94. Stamens well included. | → 95 |
94. Stamens ± equaling tepals or exserted. | → 96 |
95. Leaf blade strongly falcate; umbel mostly 5–10-flowered. | A. parvum |
95. Leaf blade linear or weakly falcate; umbel 20–30-flowered. | A. cratericola |
96. Leaves 2 per scape. | → 97 |
96. Leaf 1 per scape. | → 98 |
97. Leaf blade ± equaling to 2 times scape; wc Idaho. | A. tolmiei |
97. Leaf blade much longer than scape; c Sierra Nevada, California. | A. yosemitense |
98. Filaments papillose proximally. | A. hoffmanii |
98. Filaments smooth proximally. | A. burlewii |
99. Bulbs oblique or oblique-ovoid, renewal bulbs borne terminally on rhizomes outside coats of parent bulb; parent bulb disappearing by anthesis except for still-functional roots and shriveled bulb coat. | → 100 |
99. Bulbs ovoid to subglobose, rhizomes absent, renewal bulbs formed within coats of parent bulb; parent bulbs persistent. | → 101 |
100. Pedicel ± equaling perianth; ovary obscurely 3-crested; barren, bald summits w of Cascade Mountains from Vancouver Island to sw Oregon, also at Jefferson Park, Oregon, and in Wenatchee Mountains, c Washington. | A. crenulatum |
100. Pedicel 2–3 times perianth; ovary prominently 6-crested; mountains and scablands e of Cascade Mountains, Oregon. | A. tolmiei |
101. Tepals narrowly lanceolate, apex long-acuminate; stamens exserted. | A. platycaule |
101. Tepals lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, apex obtuse to acuminate; stamens included. | → 102 |
102. Flowers 9–15 mm; tepal apex long-acuminate, inner margins usually denticulate. | A. falcifolium |
102. Flowers 6–10(–12) mm; tepal apex obtuse to acute, or ± involute in age and appearing acuminate, inner margins denticulate or not. | → 103 |
103. Inner bulb coats usually pink or red; inner tepal margins sometimes ± denticulate; Siskiyou Mountains of nw California and sw Oregon. | A. siskiyouense |
103. Inner bulb coats white; inner tepal margins entire; w United States, e of Sierra–Cascade axis. | → 104 |
104. Tepals becoming rigid (not papery), carinate in fruit. | → 105 |
104. Tepals becoming papery (not rigid), not carinate in fruit. | → 106 |
105. Tepals lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate, ± erect in fruit, involute at tip; ovary obscurely to prominently crested with 3 or 6 processes. | A. tolmiei |
105. Tepals elliptic-oblong, apex obtuse, not involute at tip, connivent over ovary in fruit; ovary crestless or obscurely crested. | A. scilloides |
106. Ovary distinctly crested with 3 or 6 low processes; sand and gravel deposits, along Columbia River from Ferry County, ne Washington, to mouth of John Day River, nc Oregon. | A. robinsonii |
106. Ovary obscurely crested with 3 low, rounded processes; rocky, clay slopes and talus, e Oregon, Idaho, to c California, n Nevada, nw Utah. | A. parvum |
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