Flora of North America species comparison

erect (branched, branchlets relatively many, commonly spreading, threadlike, densely glandular, scabrous to shaggy-hairy).

mostly cauline; alternate;

sessile;

blades linear, margins entire, faces hispidulous and glandular (proximally ± ciliate or shaggy-hairy).

mostly basal, or basal and cauline, or mostly cauline; opposite and/or alternate; usually sessile, rarely petiolate;

blades usually spatulate to oblanceolate or linear to linear-elliptic, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually hairy and glandular (glands sometimes elaborate, apices sometimes gland- or spine-tipped).

ovoid, 2–4 mm diam.

campanulate, cylindric, ellipsoid, globose, fusiform, hemispheric, obconic, or urceolate.

flat, glabrous, paleate (paleae persistent, in 1 series between rays and discs, connate, forming cups, distinct apices acute, often apiculate).

flat or convex to conic, ± paleate (paleae either in 1 series interior to ray florets, then usually connate and persistent, or 1 palea subtending each disc floret, then usually distinct and soon falling, or, in discoid heads, paleae functioning as phyllaries in 1 series and together constituting an “involucre”).

3–5, pistillate, fertile;

corollas wholly or mostly white (laminae 3-lobed, lobes sometimes each with prominent medial red blotch, overall often fading reddish, sinuses ± equaling laminae).

0, or 1–75+, pistillate, fertile;

corollas usually yellow or whitish, sometimes proximally yellow and distally whitish, often marked with red or purple or turning red on drying, rarely orange or red-orange (apices usually ± deeply divided, lobes usually 3, sometimes 2).

3–10, bisexual, fertile;

corollas usually wholly white, sometimes lobes each with prominent medial red blotch or reddish overall, tubes shorter than throats, lobes 5, deltate (anthers ± dark purple; styles glabrous proximal to branches).

1–200+, bisexual and fertile, or functionally staminate;

corollas usually yellow, sometimes brown, orange, reddish, or whitish, tubes much shorter than to about equaling cylindric to funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate;

anther thecae usually dark (reddish to purple, often described as “black”), sometimes pale (yellow to brown);

stigmatic papillae in 2 lines.

falling, 3–5 in 1 series (each partly enveloping a ray cypsela, apices acute to attenuate).

persistent or falling, 1–75+ in 1(–2) series or 0 (the “involucre” then interpreted as constituted of 1 series of receptacular paleae; phyllaries distinct or weakly connate, narrowly ovate to lanceolate or linear, equal or subequal, herbaceous, usually conduplicate, often each partly or wholly investing a subtended floret, apices often attenuate, faces usually glandular).

usually 0, sometimes 2–12+ bractlets (Centromadia, some members of Hemizonia and Lagophylla).

radiate, in loose, cymiform arrays.

usually radiate, rarely discoid, usually in corymbiform, glomerulate, paniculiform, spiciform, or ± umbelliform arrays, sometimes borne singly.

(rays) ± obcompressed (± 3-angled, abaxial sides usually broadly 2-faced, angles between those faces usually 90+°, adaxial sides nearly flat), apices beaked, beaks off center, faces rugose, glabrous;

or (discs) narrowly clavate, appressed-hairy;

pappi (rays) 0, or (discs) of 4–5 lance-attenuate to aristate scales alternating with 4–5 shorter, ± fimbriate scales.

obcompressed, compressed, or terete, often obpyramidal, clavate, or fusiform, glabrous or hairy (ray and disc often different);

pappi 0, or persistent or falling, of awns, bristles, or scales (sometimes in combination) in 1–2 series (the elements often ciliate or plumose).

bracts with tack-glands 0 (strigillose, strongly glandular, margins often proximally pectinate, ciliate).

= 9.