Flora of North America species comparison

± erect.

mostly basal, or basal and cauline, or mostly cauline; opposite and/or alternate; usually sessile, rarely petiolate;

blades usually spatulate to oblanceolate or linear to linear-elliptic, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually hairy and glandular (glands sometimes elaborate, apices sometimes gland- or spine-tipped).

mostly cauline;

proximal opposite, most alternate; ± sessile;

blades narrowly elliptic to linear or (proximal) oblanceolate to spatulate, margins usually entire (proximal sometimes toothed), faces hirsute to strigose, sericeous, or villous (all or distal sometimes stipitate-glandular as well).

campanulate, cylindric, ellipsoid, globose, fusiform, hemispheric, obconic, or urceolate.

± hemispheric or obovoid to obconic, 3–6+ mm diam. (sometimes subtended by calyculi of 2–5 bractlets).

flat or convex to conic, ± paleate (paleae either in 1 series interior to ray florets, then usually connate and persistent, or 1 palea subtending each disc floret, then usually distinct and soon falling, or, in discoid heads, paleae functioning as phyllaries in 1 series and together constituting an “involucre”).

flat to convex, densely hirtellous, paleate (paleae in rings between rays and discs, distinct or proximally connate, scarious).

0, or 1–75+, pistillate, fertile;

corollas usually yellow or whitish, sometimes proximally yellow and distally whitish, often marked with red or purple or turning red on drying, rarely orange or red-orange (apices usually ± deeply divided, lobes usually 3, sometimes 2).

5, pistillate, fertile;

corollas yellow (often nerved with red to purple abaxially).

1–200+, bisexual and fertile, or functionally staminate;

corollas usually yellow, sometimes brown, orange, reddish, or whitish, tubes much shorter than to about equaling cylindric to funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate;

anther thecae usually dark (reddish to purple, often described as “black”), sometimes pale (yellow to brown);

stigmatic papillae in 2 lines.

6, functionally staminate;

corollas yellow, tubes shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate (anthers ± dark purple; styles glabrous proximal to branches).

persistent or falling, 1–75+ in 1(–2) series or 0 (the “involucre” then interpreted as constituted of 1 series of receptacular paleae; phyllaries distinct or weakly connate, narrowly ovate to lanceolate or linear, equal or subequal, herbaceous, usually conduplicate, often each partly or wholly investing a subtended floret, apices often attenuate, faces usually glandular).

5 in 1 series (linear to oblanceolate, herbaceous, each wholly enveloping a subtended ray ovary, abaxially piloso-hirsute to hirtellous or scabrellous).

usually 0, sometimes 2–12+ bractlets (Centromadia, some members of Hemizonia and Lagophylla).

usually radiate, rarely discoid, usually in corymbiform, glomerulate, paniculiform, spiciform, or ± umbelliform arrays, sometimes borne singly.

radiate, in ± paniculiform arrays or in glomerules.

obcompressed, compressed, or terete, often obpyramidal, clavate, or fusiform, glabrous or hairy (ray and disc often different);

pappi 0, or persistent or falling, of awns, bristles, or scales (sometimes in combination) in 1–2 series (the elements often ciliate or plumose).

0;

pappi 0.

± obcompressed (attachments basal, apices beakless, faces glabrous);

pappi 0.

bracts: pit-glands, tack-glands, and/or spines 0.

= 7.