Flora of North America species comparison

± erect (scabrous and, sometimes, hirsute, usually stipitate-glandular distally).

mostly basal, or basal and cauline, or mostly cauline; opposite and/or alternate; usually sessile, rarely petiolate;

blades usually spatulate to oblanceolate or linear to linear-elliptic, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually hairy and glandular (glands sometimes elaborate, apices sometimes gland- or spine-tipped).

mostly cauline;

proximal opposite, most alternate;

sessile;

blades narrowly spatulate to linear, margins entire, faces scabrous, hirsute, strigose, sericeous, or villous (distal leaves usually stipitate-glandular as well).

campanulate, cylindric, ellipsoid, globose, fusiform, hemispheric, obconic, or urceolate.

turbinate to campanulate or hemispheric, 3–6+ mm diam.

flat or convex to conic, ± paleate (paleae either in 1 series interior to ray florets, then usually connate and persistent, or 1 palea subtending each disc floret, then usually distinct and soon falling, or, in discoid heads, paleae functioning as phyllaries in 1 series and together constituting an “involucre”).

convex, glabrous, paleate (paleae falling, subtending all or most disc florets, outer herbaceous, inner scarious).

0, or 1–75+, pistillate, fertile;

corollas usually yellow or whitish, sometimes proximally yellow and distally whitish, often marked with red or purple or turning red on drying, rarely orange or red-orange (apices usually ± deeply divided, lobes usually 3, sometimes 2).

(2–)3–5(–8), pistillate, fertile;

corollas whitish (nerved with purple abaxially).

1–200+, bisexual and fertile, or functionally staminate;

corollas usually yellow, sometimes brown, orange, reddish, or whitish, tubes much shorter than to about equaling cylindric to funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate;

anther thecae usually dark (reddish to purple, often described as “black”), sometimes pale (yellow to brown);

stigmatic papillae in 2 lines.

6–25(–60+), bisexual, fertile;

corollas whitish, tubes shorter than or about equaling funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate (anthers ± dark purple; styles ± hairy proximal to branches, branches ca. 0.2 mm).

persistent or falling, 1–75+ in 1(–2) series or 0 (the “involucre” then interpreted as constituted of 1 series of receptacular paleae; phyllaries distinct or weakly connate, narrowly ovate to lanceolate or linear, equal or subequal, herbaceous, usually conduplicate, often each partly or wholly investing a subtended floret, apices often attenuate, faces usually glandular).

(2–)3–5(–8) in 1 series, ± lanceolate or oblanceolate, herbaceous, each ± 1/2 investing subtended floret proximally, abaxially ± hirsute and/or stipitate-glandular.

usually 0, sometimes 2–12+ bractlets (Centromadia, some members of Hemizonia and Lagophylla).

usually radiate, rarely discoid, usually in corymbiform, glomerulate, paniculiform, spiciform, or ± umbelliform arrays, sometimes borne singly.

radiate, borne singly or in open, corymbiform arrays.

obcompressed, compressed, or terete, often obpyramidal, clavate, or fusiform, glabrous or hairy (ray and disc often different);

pappi 0, or persistent or falling, of awns, bristles, or scales (sometimes in combination) in 1–2 series (the elements often ciliate or plumose).

± obconic or terete (basal attachments ± central, faces ± villous, apices not beaked);

pappi 0 or of 12–18(–26) subulate fimbriate to ciliate or plumose scales.

bracts: pit-glands, tack-glands, and/or spines 0 at tips.

= 8.