Flora of North America species comparison

erect, usually branched from bases, often throughout (scapiform in E. nutans and E. scaposa).

usually cauline, sometimes mostly basal, or basal and cauline; opposite, alternate, or both;

petiolate or sessile;

blades cordate, deltate, elliptic, lanceolate, linear, rhombic, orbiculate, or ovate (and intermediate shapes), often 1(–2+)-palmately or -pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy (often hispid or scabrous), often gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular.

usually cauline, sometimes basal (E. nutans and E. scaposa); alternate (usually drought-deciduous);

petiolate (obscurely in E. scaposa);

blades (1- or 3-nerved) mostly deltate, lanceolate, rhombic, or ovate (narrowly oblanceolate to linear in E. scaposa), bases broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins usually entire, rarely toothed, face glabrous or canescent, hirtellous, scabrellous, strigose, or tomentose, often gland-dotted as well.

cylindric, or campanulate to hemispheric or broader, or rotate.

± hemispheric or broader, 4–22 mm diam.

convex, conic, or flat, paleate (paleae usually falling, oblong to linear, herbaceous to chartaceous or scarious, usually conduplicate).

flat or convex, paleate (paleae ± conduplicate, folded around and falling with cypselae).

usually (1–)3–40+, sometimes 0, usually pistillate and fertile, sometimes styliferous and sterile, or neuter;

corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes pink to purple, red, brown, or white (sometimes sessile, persistent, and becoming papery, e.g., in Heliopsis, Sanvitalia, and Zinnia).

0 or 8–25(–40), neuter;

corollas yellow.

4–200+, bisexual and fertile, or functionally staminate;

corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes brown, greenish, maroon, pink, purple, or red, rarely white or whitish, tubes shorter to longer than campanulate, cylindric, or funnelform throats, lobes (4–)5, deltate to lanceolate (usually equal);

anther thecae usually dark (collars not continuous around filaments);

stigmatic papillae usually continuous, sometimes none, rarely in 2 lines.

80–100(–200+), bisexual, fertile;

corollas yellow or brown-purple, tubes shorter than to equaling abruptly expanded throats, lobes 5, triangular.

persistent or falling, usually 8–40+ in 2–4+ series, usually distinct, usually lanceolate, linear, orbiculate, or ovate, subequal or unequal (outer usually shorter, rarely longer, than inner).

persistent, 18–30(–50+) in 2–3+ series (subequal to unequal, outer shorter).

0.

usually radiate, sometimes discoid, borne singly or in cymiform, corymbiform, paniculiform, racemiform, or spiciform arrays.

radiate or discoid, borne singly or in ± paniculiform arrays (peduncles usually longer than involucres).

obpyramidal or prismatic (3–4-angled), or terete to ovoid, or strongly compressed or flattened and ± orbiculate to obovate or cuneate (lengths seldom more than 2 times diams.), sometimes ribbed, sometimes winged, glabrous or hairy;

pappi usually persistent, sometimes fragile or readily falling, usually of scales, sometimes of bristles or bristlelike awns or coroniform, rarely of awns or 0.

strongly compressed, obovate to cuneate (margins ciliate, apices usually ± notched except in E. scaposa, faces usually glabrous except in E. scaposa);

pappi usually 0, sometimes readily falling or persistent, of 2 bristlelike awns.

= 18.