Aquilegia
Aquilegia canadensis
ancolie, columbine
American columbine, ancolie du Canada, Canadian columbine, Colorado columbine, red columbine, wild columbine
15-90 cm.
blade 1-3x-ternately compound, leaflets lobed or parted, margins crenate.
2x-ternately compound, 7-30 cm, much shorter than stems;
leaflets green adaxially, 17-52 mm, not viscid;
primary petiolules 17-93 mm (leaflets not crowded), glabrous or pilose, sometimes somewhat viscid.
terminal, 1-10-flowered cymes or solitary flowers, to 30 cm;
bracts leaflike, not forming involucre.
bisexual, radially symmetric;
sepals not persistent in fruit, 5, white to blue, yellow, or red, plane, narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, short-clawed, 7-51 mm;
petals 5, distinct, white to blue, yellow, or red, oblong to rounded or spatulate blade, 0-30 mm, base backward-pointing tubular spur, apex plane;
nectary in ± enlarged tip of spur;
stamens many;
filaments filiform; scalelike staminodes usually present between stamens and pistils;
pistils 5-10, simple;
ovules many per pistil;
beak present.
pendent;
sepals divergent from floral axis, red or apex green, lance-ovate to oblong-ovate, 8-18 × 3-8 mm, apex broadly acute to acuminate;
petals: spurs red, straight, ± parallel to divergent, 13-25 mm, stout (at least proximally), abruptly narrowed near middle, blades pale yellow or yellow-green, oblong to rounded, 5-9 × 4-8 mm;
stamens 15-23 mm.
follicles, aggregate, sessile, cylindric, sides prominently veined;
beak terminal, straight, 3-26 mm.
black, obovoid, smooth.
15-31 mm;
beak 10-18 mm.
= 7.
= 14.
Aquilegia
Aquilegia canadensis
Species ca. 70 (21 in the flora).
Species of Aquilegia are polymorphic and difficult to define adequately. Some of the variability is because of introgressive hybridization. Even distantly related species of columbine are often freely interfertile, and many cases of natural hybridization and introgression are known from North America. Only the most important are mentioned below. In arid areas Aquilegia species tend to form small populations often completely isolated from one another. This leads to local fixation of genes and therefore increased variability in species such as A. micrantha and A. desertorum. In addition, populations with spurless petals are occasionally found in many species.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
P. A. Munz divided this species into five varieties, based on size of the plants, sepals, and leaflets and whether the leaves are 2-3×-ternately compound. The variation in size of these organs is not discontinuous or even bimodal, however, and I have not seen any material with 3×-ternately compound leaves. For this reason, no varieties are recognized here. The name Aquilegia canadensis var. hybrida Hooker has been misapplied to this species; the type specimen actually belongs to A. brevistyla (B. Boivin 1953).
Aquilegia canadensis has also been reported from New Brunswick, but the specimen has been destroyed and the species has never been recollected in the province.
Native Americans prepare infusions from various parts of plants of Aquilegia canadensis to treat heart trouble, kidney problems, headaches, bladder problems, and fever, and as a wash for poison ivy; pulverized seeds were used as love charms; and a compound was used to detect bewitchment (D. E. Moerman 1986).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Spurs hooked, 3-22 mm; sepals white or blue. | → 2 |
1. Spurs straight or nearly so (sometimes tips incurved in A. flavescens), 8-180 mm; sepals blue, white, cream, yellow, pink, or red (A. flavescens with yellow or pink sepals). | → 5 |
2. Spurs 14-22 mm; introduced species, at low elevations (0-1500 m). | A. vulgaris |
2. Spurs 3-10 mm; native, at high elevations or high latitudes. | → 3 |
3. Basal leaves much shorter than stems. | A. brevistyla |
3. Basal leaves about as long as stems. | → 4 |
4. Sepals and spurs white or nearly so; Wyoming. | A. laramiensis |
4. Sepals and spurs blue; Colorado. | A. saximontana |
5. Sepals and spurs blue, white, cream, reddish purple, or occasionally pink (if pink then with no trace of yellow); flowers usually erect (sometimes nodding in A. micrantha); spurs slender (stout at least proximally in A. jonesii), evenly tapered from base. | → 6 |
5. Sepals and spurs yellow, pink and yellow, or red; flowers erect or nodding; spur shape various. | → 9 |
6. Leaflets viscid. | A. micrantha |
6. Leaflets not viscid. | → 7 |
7. Spurs 8-15 mm. | A. jonesii |
7. Spurs 25-70(-72) mm. | → 8 |
8. Leaflets glaucous on both sides, 5-14 mm, crowded (primary petiolules 3-15 mm); spurs 25-40 mm. | A. scopulorum |
8. Leaflets green adaxially, 13-42(-61) mm, not crowded, primary petiolules (10-)20-70 mm; spurs 28-72 mm. | A. coerulea |
9. Sepals red (at least proximally); spurs red (red proximally, then pink in A. shockleyi), stout (at least proximally), abruptly narrowed near middle, 12-32 mm; flowers nodding or pendent. | → 10 |
9. Sepals and spurs yellow or pink; spurs slender (except for A. flavescens and A. barnebyi), evenly tapered from base (sometimes abruptly narrowed near middle in A. flavescens and A. micrantha), 10-180 mm; flowers usually erect, sometimes nodding. | → 15 |
10. Sepals perpendicular to floral axis; petal blades 0-6 mm. | → 11 |
10. Sepals parallel to or divergent from floral axis; petal blades 4-12 mm. | → 13 |
11. Mouth of spur cut obliquely backward; stamens 17-30 mm. | A. eximia |
11. Mouth of spur truncate or with short blade; stamens 12-17 mm. | → 12 |
12. Leaflets glaucous on both sides; petal blades 2-5 mm. | A. shockleyi |
12. Leaflets green adaxially; petal blades 0-6 mm. | A. formosa |
13. Sepals red proximally, yellow-green distally, not much longer than petal blades; stamens 8-14 mm. | A. elegantula |
13. Sepals red or apex green or yellow-green, about 2 times length of petal blades; stamens 14-23 mm. | → 14 |
14. Blades of petals pale yellow or yellow-green; basal leaves 2×-ternately compound, leaflets to 17-52 mm; e North America, w to c Texas. | A. canadensis |
14. Blades of petals yellow or red and yellow; basal leaves 2-3×-ternately compound, leaflets to 9-26(-32) mm; Arizona, New Mexico, Utah. | A. desertorum |
15. Spurs 42-180 mm. | → 16 |
15. Spurs 10-40 mm. | → 18 |
16. Spurs 72-180 mm; petal blades spatulate. | A. longissima |
16. Spurs 42-70 mm; petal blades oblong, not much broadened distally. | → 17 |
17. Sepals 14-18 mm wide. | A. hinckleyana |
17. Sepals 5-10 mm wide. | A. chrysantha |
18. Spurs yellow, stout, ± incurved, 10-18 mm; flowers nodding. | A. flavescens |
18. Spurs yellow to pink or cream, slender, straight, 15-40 mm; flowers erect to nodding. | → 19 |
19. Beak 15-18 mm; sepals 9-19 mm, yellow; se New Mexico, w Texas. | A. chaplinei |
19. Beak 8-12 mm; sepals not as above: either cream or pink or if yellow, then (15-)20-25 mm; Colorado, Arizona to California. | → 20 |
20. Sepals (15-)20-25 mm, petal blades 8-17 mm, spurs 25-40 mm; flowers erect; California. | A. pubescens |
20. Sepals 8-20 mm, petal blades 6-10 mm, spurs 14-30 mm; flowers nodding or erect; Colorado, Arizona, Utah. | → 21 |
21. Leaflets viscid, green adaxially. | A. micrantha |
21. Leaflets not viscid, glaucous on both surfaces. | A. barnebyi |
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