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false-asphodel, tofieldia

coastal false asphodel, southern bog asphodel

Habit Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous.
Stems

glandular and/or glandular-pubescent.

leafless, or with 1–3 leaves towards base, 20–70 cm, coarsely glandular-pubescent below inflorescence.

Leaves

mostly basal with 0–3 towards stem base, 2-ranked, equitant;

blade linear.

blades to 35 cm × 6 mm.

Inflorescences

terminal, racemose, open or dense and spikelike, elongating in fruit, bracteate, bracteolate;

bracteoles connate in epicalyx.

racemose, 15–80-flowered, usually open, 3–22 cm;

bracts subtending pedicel in cluster;

bracteoles shallowly 3-lobed or cleft from proximal 1/3 to base, lobes acute or rounded, usually glandular.

Flowers

borne in clusters of 2–7;

tepals persistent, 6, in 2 somewhat dissimiliar series, distinct;

stamens 6;

filaments strongly flattened, dilated basally;

anthers basifixed, 2-locular, introrse, without appendages;

ovary superior, stipitate, apocarpous basally, glabrous;

intercarpellary nectary present;

styles 3.

borne in clusters of (2–)3(–7), proximal sometimes remote;

perianth white, drying orange;

tepals 2.5–5 mm, inner series narrower, longer;

stamens 2.5–4.5 mm;

ovary ellipsoid to cylindrical, usually tapering abruptly to style base, forming rounded shoulder;

styles connate basally into column 1/4–2/3 their length, 1–1.8 mm;

pedicel 2–12 mm.

Fruits

capsular, ovoid to broadly ellipsoid or cylindrical, glabrous, dehiscence septicidal, then adaxially loculicidal.

Capsules

ovoid to subglobose, 3–5 mm, ± equaling or slightly longer than tepals and ± enclosed by them, hard.

Seeds

appendaged.

reddish brown, ca. 1 mm;

appendages 1 or 2 with one at one end ca. 1/2 to equaling seed, one at opposite end often much shorter;

coat absent.

x

= 15.

Triantha

Triantha racemosa

Phenology Flowering summer.
Habitat Boggy areas, pine barrens, savannas
Elevation 0–400 m (0–1300 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; Japan
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; DC; DE; FL; GA; LA; MD; MS; TX; VA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 4 (3 in the flora).

Recognition here of the genus Triantha follows J. G. Baker (1879) and R. R. Gates (1918); see J. G. Packer (1993). R. W. Cruden (1991) provided cladistic evidence supporting this segregation from Tofieldia.

In the absence of any clear understanding of evolutionary relationships within Triantha, the species are here listed alphabetically.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Specimens of Triantha collected in Burlington County, New Jersey, have generally been determined as T. racemosa. However, the population is variable, and while there are aspects in some of these plants suggestive of T. racemosa that would explain the determinations, others are closer morphologically to T. glutinosa. This is seen in the typical “glutinosa” glands, the narrower, less-spreading bracteoles that usually lack glandular hairs, the more-ascending pedicels, the shorter internodes in most inflorescences, and the chartaceous capsules. I suppose that in the past the two species had overlapping ranges in this northeastern region where they no longer are found, and that some hybridization between T. glutinosa and T. racemosa has occurred. The Burlington County population is a surviving disjunct remnant with attributes of both species. The specimens have been annotated T. glutinosa × T. racemosa, and New Jersey is omitted from the list of states in which T. racemosa is found.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Styles connate basally into column 1/4–2/3 their length; capsules hard, ± equaling or slightly longer than tepals and ± enclosed by them.
T. racemosa
1. Styles distinct to base, not forming column; capsules chartaceous and easily ruptured, considerably longer than tepals and not enclosed by them.
→ 2
2. Seed coat present; inflorescence sometimes forming globose head (subsp. occidentalis); glandular hairs on stem below inflorescence sometimes uniformly 4–6 times longer than wide (subsp. montana); w Canada, nw United States.
T. occidentalis
2. Seed coat absent; inflorescence never forming globose head; glandular hairs on stem below inflorescence never uniformly 4–6 times longer than wide; widespread in Canada, also in Alaska, some north, northeastern states, and Oregon.
T. glutinosa
Source FNA vol. 26, p. 61. Author: John G. Packer. FNA vol. 26, p. 64.
Parent taxa Liliaceae Liliaceae > Triantha
Sibling taxa
T. glutinosa, T. occidentalis
Subordinate taxa
T. glutinosa, T. occidentalis, T. racemosa
Synonyms Tofieldia section T. Melanthium racemosum, Tofieldia racemosa
Name authority (Nuttall) Baker: J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 490. (1879) (Walter) Small: Fl. S.E. U.S., 249, 1328. (1903)
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