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false-asphodel, tofieldia

western asphodel, western false-asphodel, western tofieldia

Habit Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous.
Stems

glandular and/or glandular-pubescent.

leafless, or with 1–3 leaves towards base, 10–80 cm, variously glandular-hairy or only glandular below inflorescence, glands uniformly 4–6 times longer than wide.

Leaves

mostly basal with 0–3 towards stem base, 2-ranked, equitant;

blade linear.

blades to 50 cm × 8 mm.

Inflorescences

terminal, racemose, open or dense and spikelike, elongating in fruit, bracteate, bracteolate;

bracteoles connate in epicalyx.

forming globose or cylindric-ovoid, spikelike heads, 3–45-flowered, sometimes interrupted or open, 1–8 cm, glandular-pubescent;

bracts subtending pedicel in cluster;

bracteoles shallowly and symmetrically 3-lobed to cleft from proximal 1/3 to base, lobes rounded to acute, often markedly unequal.

Flowers

borne in clusters of 2–7;

tepals persistent, 6, in 2 somewhat dissimiliar series, distinct;

stamens 6;

filaments strongly flattened, dilated basally;

anthers basifixed, 2-locular, introrse, without appendages;

ovary superior, stipitate, apocarpous basally, glabrous;

intercarpellary nectary present;

styles 3.

usually borne in clusters of 3, proximal sometimes remote;

perianth white or yellowish;

tepals 3–7 mm, inner series somewhat longer and narrower;

stamens 3–6 mm;

ovary ellipsoid, tapering gradually to style base;

styles distinct, 0.6–3 mm;

pedicel 1–12 mm.

Fruits

capsular, ovoid to broadly ellipsoid or cylindrical, glabrous, dehiscence septicidal, then adaxially loculicidal.

Capsules

ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, 4–9 mm, clearly longer than tepals and not enclosed by them, chartaceous, easily ruptured.

Seeds

appendaged.

reddish brown, ca. 1 mm;

appendages 1 or 2 with one at each end, rarely absent;

coat white, inflated, reticulate.

x

= 15.

Triantha

Triantha occidentalis

Distribution
from USDA
North America; Japan
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
nw United States; w Canada
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 4 (3 in the flora).

Recognition here of the genus Triantha follows J. G. Baker (1879) and R. R. Gates (1918); see J. G. Packer (1993). R. W. Cruden (1991) provided cladistic evidence supporting this segregation from Tofieldia.

In the absence of any clear understanding of evolutionary relationships within Triantha, the species are here listed alphabetically.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 3 in the flora.

The subspecies of Triantha occidentalis recognized here are for the most part readily distinguishable from one another. Only in the area of southwest Oregon where subsp. occidentalis and subsp. brevistyla make contact might it be said that some intergradation occurs, as was previously observed by C. L. Hitchcock (1944). It should also be noted that some specimens of subsp. occidentalis from Del Norte County in northern California and the adjacent Josephine County in Oregon are not entirely typical, being very robust with large, more elongate inflorescences.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Styles connate basally into column 1/4–2/3 their length; capsules hard, ± equaling or slightly longer than tepals and ± enclosed by them.
T. racemosa
1. Styles distinct to base, not forming column; capsules chartaceous and easily ruptured, considerably longer than tepals and not enclosed by them.
→ 2
2. Seed coat present; inflorescence sometimes forming globose head (subsp. occidentalis); glandular hairs on stem below inflorescence sometimes uniformly 4–6 times longer than wide (subsp. montana); w Canada, nw United States.
T. occidentalis
2. Seed coat absent; inflorescence never forming globose head; glandular hairs on stem below inflorescence never uniformly 4–6 times longer than wide; widespread in Canada, also in Alaska, some north, northeastern states, and Oregon.
T. glutinosa
1. Seed coat not strongly inflated; seeds 3–4 times longer than wide; stems coarsely glandular-pubescent with cylindrical hairs below inflorescence, hairs 4–6 times longer than wide, or glands absent
subsp. montana
1. Seed coat strongly inflated; seeds usually 1–2(–3) times longer than wide; stems glandular-pubescent below inflorescence, with glands 1/2–2 times longer than wide, or pubescent with cylindrical hairs 2–4 times longer than wide, sometimes glands and hairs intermixed.
→ 2
2. Styles 0.6–1.5 mm; inflorescences usually cylindrical-ovoid; Oregon to Alaska, occasionally Idaho and Alberta
subsp. brevistyla
2. Styles 1.3–3 mm; inflorescences usually globose; California, Oregon.
subsp. occidentalis
Source FNA vol. 26, p. 61. Author: John G. Packer. FNA vol. 26, p. 63.
Parent taxa Liliaceae Liliaceae > Triantha
Sibling taxa
T. glutinosa, T. racemosa
Subordinate taxa
T. glutinosa, T. occidentalis, T. racemosa
T. occidentalis subsp. brevistyla, T. occidentalis subsp. montana, T. occidentalis subsp. occidentalis
Synonyms Tofieldia section T. Tofieldia occidentalis, Tofieldia glutinosa var. occidentalis
Name authority (Nuttall) Baker: J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 490. (1879) (S. Watson) R. R. Gates: J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 44: 137. (1918)
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