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twisted-stalk

clasp-leaf twisted-stalk, clasping twisted-stalk, clasping-leaf twistedstalk, cucumber root, white twisted-stalk

Habit Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous. Plants from thick rhizomes.
Stems

simple to highly branched.

freely branched, stout, 5–12 dm, often with reddish hairs basally, nodes not fringed.

Leaves

numerous, sessile;

blade elliptic to ovate, base rounded to cordate-clasping, apex acute to acuminate.

5–15 × 2.5–6 cm;

blade ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, base cordate-clasping, apex acuminate;

peduncle: junction with pedicel abrupt, with glands indicating transition, entire structure 2–5 cm, glands short-stalked.

Inflorescences

1–2-flowered, peduncle slender, adnate to stem for 1 internode and arising opposite next leaf axil, junction with pedicel abrupt or not, entire structure recurved.

Flowers

small, borne beneath leaves;

perianth rotate or campanulate;

tepals deciduous, erect to spreading or recurved, distinct, white to greenish yellow to rose, oblanceolate to oblong;

stamens hypogynous;

filaments short, broad, flat;

anthers basifixed, apex minutely apiculate or with tapering, setose points, extrorse;

ovary superior, 3-locular;

style slender to bulbous;

stigma unlobed or 3-lobed;

pedicel geniculate.

1–2 per axil;

perianth campanulate;

tepals spreading, recurved at tips, white to greenish yellow, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 9–15 mm;

stamens unequal, outer shorter, 0.8–1 mm, inner 2–3 mm;

anthers lanceolate, 3–3.5 mm, apex 1-pointed;

style stout, 4–5 mm;

stigma fused from base to tip, unlobed; combined peduncles and pedicels recurved, 2–5 cm, short-stalked glands indicating transition;

pedicel sharply geniculate, glabrous.

Fruits

baccate, orangish to dark red, ellipsoid to globose.

Berries

whitish green maturing to yellowish orange or red, ellipsoid, 10–12 mm.

Seeds

pale yellow, elongate, grooved longitudinally.

2.5–3 mm.

x

= 8.

2n

= 16, 32.

Streptopus

Streptopus amplexifolius

Phenology Flowering late spring–mid summer.
Habitat Rich moist coniferous and deciduous woods
Elevation 0–2800 m (0–9200 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
n temperate North America and Eurasia
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AZ; CA; CO; CT; ID; MA; ME; MI; MN; MT; NC; NH; NM; NY; OR; PA; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; SPM; Greenland; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 7 (3 in the flora).

Streptopus ×oreopolus Fernald (as species) is a sterile hybrid (2n = 24) between S. amplexifolius and S. lanceolatus, and is found in subalpine woods and meadows in glaciated areas of Newfoundland, eastern Quebec, western Ontario, Maine, and New Hampshire (D. Löve and H. Harries 1963; C. Gervais 1979). Its characteristics are intermediate between those of the parent species, except that the leaves are distinctly ciliate-denticulate, the tepals are roseate to deep purple overall, and the berries are deep red.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Several poorly defined races described by N. C. Fassett (1935) as varieties based chiefly on minute difference in leaf-margin serration are not here recognized.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stems simple, 1–2 dm; perianth rotate; tepals 3–5 mm; anther apex minutely apiculate; style bulbous-conical, 0.5 mm.
S. streptopoides
1. Stems often branched, 1.5–12 dm; perianth campanulate; tepals 6–15 mm; anther apex long-pointed; style slender or stout, 3.5–5 mm.
→ 2
2. Stems simple or occasionally branched, 1.5–4(–8) dm; leaf base rounded; pedicel rarely geniculate at junction with peduncle, pubescent; tepals slightly spreading, streaked or spotted with pale rose to reddish purple; anthers 2 mm, apex 2-pointed; stigma weakly 3-lobed.
S. lanceolatus
2. Stems freely branched, 5–12 dm; leaf base cordate-clasping; pedicel sharply geniculate at junction with peduncle, glabrous; tepals spreading, recurved at tips, whitish to greenish yellow; anthers 3–3.5 mm, apex 1-pointed; stigma fused from base to tip, unlobed.
S. amplexifolius
Source FNA vol. 26, p. 145. Author: Frederick H. Utech. FNA vol. 26, p. 146.
Parent taxa Liliaceae Liliaceae > Streptopus
Sibling taxa
S. lanceolatus, S. streptopoides
Subordinate taxa
S. amplexifolius, S. lanceolatus, S. streptopoides
Synonyms Uvularia amplexifolia, S. amplexifolius subsp. americanus, S. amplexifolius var. americanus, S. amplexifolius var. chalazatus, S. amplexifolius var. denticulatus, S. amplexifolius var. grandiflorus, S. fassettii, Tortipes amplexifolius
Name authority Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 200. (1803) (Linnaeus) de Candolle: in J. Lamarck and A. P. de Candolle, Fl. Franç. ed. 3, 3: 174. (1805)
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