Psilocarphus
Psilocarphus chilensis
woolly-heads, woolly-marbles
round woolly-marbles, slender woollyheads
1, erect, or 2–10, ascending to ± prostrate.
mostly (1–)2–7, ascending to ± prostrate;
proximal internode lengths (2–)3–6 times leaf lengths.
cauline; mostly opposite;
blades linear to ovate or obovate.
0.
± obovoid (sometimes lobed, heights 1–2 times diams.), glabrous.
unlobed.
(8–)20–100+.
0.
0.
borne singly or in glomerules of 2–4 in ± dichasiform (sometimes ± paniculiform) arrays.
± spheric, largest 3–5.5 mm.
brown, monomorphic: terete to ± compressed, narrowly obovoid (then slightly incurved, abaxially gibbous) to ± cylindric, faces glabrous, smooth, shiny;
corolla scars usually ± subapical;
pappi 0.
narrowly obovoid, somewhat compressed, 0.6–1.2 mm.
paleae falling, radiating in all directions;
bodies with 5+ nerves (nerves reticulate, prominent), obovoid to ± cylindric, saccate most of lengths (terete, galeate or cucullate, each loosely enclosing a floret);
wings inflexed (± lateral).
paleae usually individually visible through indument, longest mostly 1.5–2.7 mm.
paleae 0.
corollas 0.8–1.3 mm, lobes mostly 4.
staminate florets 2–10;
corolla lobes 4–5, ± equal.
leaves erect to incurved, appressed to heads, ovate to broadly elliptic, widest in proximal 2/3, longest 5–12 mm, lengths mostly 1.2–1.8(–2) times widths, 1–2(–2.5) times head heights.
= 14.
Psilocarphus
Psilocarphus chilensis
Species 5 (5 in the flora).
See discussion of Filagininae following the tribal description (p. 385).
In the flora area, Psilocarphus inhabits sites with Mediterranean, semiarid, and cool-temperate climates. In the south, it remains within the Californian Floristic Province, not entering the Mojave and Sonoran deserts; to the north, it extends from the Pacific Northwest eastward across the Great Basin, Columbia Plateau, and northern Rocky Mountains to the western edge of the northern Great Plains. Ongoing degradation of vernal pool habitats in California may soon justify conservation concern for P. chilensis and P. brevissimus var. multiflorus.
The amphitropical species of Psilocarphus and Micropsis (P. brevissimus var. brevissimus, P. chilensis, M. dasycarpa) occupy littoral habitats; migratory shorebirds probably facilitate occasional long-distance dispersal of their light cypsela-palea complexes (A. Cronquist 1950). Populations of these self-pollinating species can establish from one cypsela.
Psilocarphus is monophyletic and probably sister to Micropus, with ancestors in or near Stylocline (J. D. Morefield 1992). Psilocarphus is easily recognized by leaves opposite and paleae cucullate or galeate, reticulately nerved; the clusters of heads resemble compact bunches of woolly grapes or marbles. Differences between species are slight but consistent in most specimens.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Psilocarphus chilensis occurs mainly in west-central California and central Chile; one recent collection is from southern California (western Riverside County). Ecotypes from coastal interdune areas are more lanuginose with shorter stems and internodes than intergrading populations farther inland; they are indistinguishable from the type of Micropus globiferus from Chile (J. D. Morefield 1992d). Psilocarphus chilensis and P. tenellus are at least as distinct as the other species of Psilocarphus; contrary to suggestions by A. Cronquist (1950), intermediates between the two are at most very uncommon.
Psilocarphus berteri I. M. Johnston is a superfluous name for P. chilensis. I. M. Johnston (1938) erroneously applied P. chilensis to a species not including the type of Micropus globiferus; such plants are here included in P. brevissimus var. brevissimus.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Largest heads 6–14 mm; pistillate paleae collectively hidden by indument and/or longest 2.8–4 mm | → 2 |
1. Largest heads mostly 3–6 mm; pistillate paleae usually individually visible through indument, longest mostly 1.5–2.7 mm | → 4 |
2. Heads ± ovoid, largest 9–14 mm; receptacles deeply lobed; pistillate paleae ± cylindric, lengths mostly 3.5–6 times longest diams. (wings ± median) | P. brevissimus |
2. Heads spheric, largest 6–9 mm; receptacles unlobed or shallowly lobed; pistillate paleae obovoid, lengths 1.5–3 times longest diams. (wings supramedian to subapical) | → 3 |
3. Capitular leaves mostly lanceolate to ovate, widest in proximal 2/3, longest mostly 8–15 mm, lengths mostly 1.5–4 times widths; plants usually densely lanuginose; cypselae narrowly obovoid | P. brevissimus |
3. Capitular leaves mostly oblanceolate to nearly linear, widest in distal 1/3, longest mostly 17–35 mm, lengths mostly 4.5–9 times widths; plants ± sericeous; cypselae ± cylindric | P. elatior |
4. Capitular leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, lengths mostly 6–12 times widths, (3–) 3.5–5 times head heights; cypselae ± cylindric | P. oregonus |
4. Capitular leaves mostly spatulate to obovate or ovate, lengths mostly 1.2–5 times widths, 1–2.5(–3) times head heights; cypselae ± obovoid | → 5 |
5. Capitular leaves mostly not appressed to heads, spatulate to obovate, lengths mostly 2–5 widths; proximal internode lengths mostly 1–2(–3) times leaf lengths; staminate corolla lobes mostly 5 | P. tenellus |
5. Capitular leaves appressed to heads, ovate to broadly elliptic, lengths mostly 1.2–1.8(–2) times widths; proximal internode lengths (2–)3–6 times leaf lengths; staminate corolla lobes mostly 4 | P. chilensis |
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