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Louisiana broomrape

California broomrape, wing rib

Habit Plants simple or few-branched, 7–40(–54) cm, usually stout, base enlarged in robust specimens. Plants simple or branched proximally, 4–35(–40) cm, slender or stout, base sometimes enlarged.
Roots

inconspicuous to conspicuous (often forming an amorphous mass), slender, usually branched.

inconspicuous (rarely forming a bulbous mass), slender or stout, unbranched, sometimes branched (subsp. grandis).

Leaves

several to numerous, appressed;

blade lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 5–10 mm, margins entire, apex acute, surfaces sometimes glandular-pubescent.

numerous, appressed;

blade broadly ovate, triangular, deltate, lanceolate, or oblong, 4–12 mm, margins entire or erosulate, apex obtuse or rounded, surfaces glabrous.

Inflorescences

spikelike racemes, purple, lavender, or pallid distally, rarely yellow, sometimes branched, glandular-pubescent;

flowers numerous;

bracts ± reflexed, lanceolate, 8–12 mm, apex acute or attenuate, densely glandular-pubescent.

corymbs (sometimes subcapitate), sometimes racemes or subcorymbose racemes, dark purple, reddish purple, pinkish, or pallid cream to nearly white, simple, sometimes inconspicuously branched, densely glandular-puberulent;

flowers numerous (rarely 10 or fewer in depauperate plants);

bracts appressed to spreading, ± lanceolate to oblanceolate, 5–15 mm, apex acute, glandular-pubescent.

Pedicels

0–15 mm, much shorter than plant axis;

bracteoles 2.

0–20(–25) mm, shorter than plant axis;

bracteoles 2.

Flowers

calyx purple, lavender, or pallid, weakly bilaterally symmetric, 8–14 mm, deeply divided into 5 lobes, lobes lanceolate-subulate, glandular-pubescent;

corolla 14–20 mm, tube white to pallid or cream, sometimes pinkish or light purplish tinged distally, sometimes with purple veins, constricted above ovary, slightly curved forward, glandular-pubescent;

palatal folds prominent, yellow, pubescent;

lips externally white to pallid or cream, sometimes pinkish or light purplish tinged, internally pink or purple, sometimes white with purple veins, rarely light yellow, abaxial lip spreading, 3–5 mm, lobes oblong-lanceolate, apex obtuse or rounded, adaxial lip erect or slightly reflexed, 4–6 mm, lobes ovate, sometimes deltate, apex rounded or obtuse to bluntly pointed;

filaments glabrous or pilose at base, anthers included or slightly exserted, glabrous or with few woolly hairs along sutures.

calyx pallid to dark purple, pink, yellow, or white, ± weakly bilaterally symmetric, 8–20(–27) mm, deeply divided into 5 (sometimes reflexed or contorted) lobes, lobes subulate to linear-subulate, gradually attenuate, glandular-pubescent;

corolla 22–50(–55) mm, tube white or cream to pinkish or purplish tinged or pink to purple, sometimes with darker veins, constricted above ovary, curved forward, sparsely to moderately glandular-puberulent;

palatal folds prominent, yellow, glabrous (lacking blisterlike swellings), sometimes pubescent;

lips white or cream to pinkish or purplish tinged (then sometimes appearing reddish brown in herbarium specimens) or pink to purple, sometimes with darker veins or dark purple distally, abaxial lip widely spreading, 8–15 mm, lobes ± lanceolate to ± oblong, lanceolate-subulate, narrowly triangular, or lanceolate-ovate, apex ± acute to rounded or obtuse, sometimes retuse or emarginate, adaxial lip ± spreading, 10–15(–18) mm, lobes broadly deltate to ovate or oblong, apex bluntly pointed to rounded, obtuse, acute, shallowly retuse, erosulate, emarginate, shallowly notched, or erose;

filaments glabrous, anthers included, densely villous on sutures, rarely glabrous.

Capsules

ovoid, 6–13 mm.

ovoid to cylindric-ovoid, 10–12 mm.

Seeds

0.3–0.5 mm.

0.4–0.6 mm.

2n

= 48.

Orobanche ludoviciana

Orobanche californica

Phenology Flowering Apr–Aug.
Habitat Prairies, sand hills, sand dunes, eroded ground, glades, roadsides.
Elevation 0–2500 m. (0–8200 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CO; ID; IL; KS; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; WA; WI; WY; AB; BC; MB; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; OR; WA; BC; nw Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Orobanche ludoviciana is one of the most widely distributed species of Orobanche in North America. It commonly occurs in wind and water eroded habitats, principally in the Great Plains of North America and contiguous areas.

Throughout most of its range, Orobanche ludoviciana parasitizes Grindelia squarrosa and several species of Artemisia. However, at the southern limits of the range in Texas, it has been reported on Baccharis, Haploësthes, Heterotheca, and Thelesperma (Asteraceae); in Canada, Heterotheca villosa is an important host. The reports on cultivated crops (tomato and tobacco) are the result of misidentifications by P. A. Munz (1930) and should be attributed to O. cooperi and O. riparia.

The binomial Orobanche ludoviciana has often been broadly applied to several taxa in western states, including several taxa treated herein as species.

P. A. Munz (1930) inadvertently used a specimen of Orobanche riparia to describe and illustrate the corollas of O. ludoviciana as having pointed corolla lobes. This led him to include several western taxa that have pointed corolla lobes within O. ludoviciana, including taxa treated here as species: O. cooperi, O. riparia, and O. valida. L. T. Collins et al. (2009) clarified this issue, pointing out that the corolla lobes are in fact rounded.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Subspecies 6 (6 in the flora).

Plants of Orobanche californica occur almost entirely in and west of the Cascade-Sierra Nevada-Peninsular ranges from British Columbia south to the Sierra San Pedro Mártir in Baja California. Host plants are various perennial members of Asteraceae.

L. R. Heckard (1973) discussed the difficulty of presenting a classification for Orobanche californica based on the few morphological features that must be used for taxonomic delineation and the sometimes baffling disjunctions in the distribution of the variants. He recognized six subspecies based on geographic variations that demonstrate the considerable variability within the species. The following key to subspecies is adapted from the key by Heckard.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Corollas dark purple or red-purple distally; calyx lobes and bracts purple tinged, drying blackish purple.
subsp. californica
1. Corollas pallid, pinkish, pale lavender, whitish, or yellowish distally, often with darker veins; calyx lobes pallid, pinkish tinged, whitish, yellow, or buff, sometimes purplish or tinged pinkish, purple, or brownish, bracts pallid to pinkish tinged, drying brown.
→ 2
2. Corolla tubes gradually widening toward throat, corollas pallid or yellow distally, sometimes pinkish tinged.
subsp. feudgei
2. Corolla tubes abruptly widening toward throat, corollas pallid, pale pink, or pale lavender, sometimes yellowish tinged distally.
→ 3
3. Corollas 35–50 mm, abaxial lobes lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, 5–7 mm wide.
subsp. grandis
3. Corollas 25–35(–40) mm, abaxial lobes lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate, narrowly lanceolate, or lanceolate-oblong to narrowly triangular, 2–4(–5) mm wide.
→ 4
4. Plants (8–)10–35 cm, portions proximal to inflorescences 6–15 cm; inflorescences racemes, sometimes subcorymbose, 5–20 cm.
subsp. jepsonii
4. Plants 4–10(–15) cm, portions proximal to inflorescences 1–8(–12) cm; inflorescences corymbs, sometimes subcorymbose or subcapitate racemes, 2–6 cm.
→ 5
5. Plants: portions proximal to inflorescences 1–3(–4) cm; abaxial corolla lobes lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate, 2–3 mm wide, apices acute.
subsp. grayana
5. Plants: portions proximal to inflorescences 3–8(–12) cm; abaxial corolla lobes lanceolate-oblong to narrowly triangular, 3–4 mm wide, apices bluntly acute or obtuse, sometimes retuse or emarginate.
subsp. condensa
Source FNA vol. 17, p. 481. FNA vol. 17, p. 478.
Parent taxa Orobanchaceae > Orobanche Orobanchaceae > Orobanche
Sibling taxa
O. arizonica, O. bulbosa, O. californica, O. cooperi, O. corymbosa, O. fasciculata, O. minor, O. multiflora, O. parishii, O. pinorum, O. ramosa, O. riparia, O. robbinsii, O. uniflora, O. valida, O. vallicola
O. arizonica, O. bulbosa, O. cooperi, O. corymbosa, O. fasciculata, O. ludoviciana, O. minor, O. multiflora, O. parishii, O. pinorum, O. ramosa, O. riparia, O. robbinsii, O. uniflora, O. valida, O. vallicola
Subordinate taxa
O. californica subsp. californica, O. californica subsp. condensa, O. californica subsp. feudgei, O. californica subsp. grandis, O. californica subsp. grayana, O. californica subsp. jepsonii
Synonyms Aphyllon ludovicianum, Myzorrhiza ludoviciana, O. ludoviciana var. arenosa, O. multiflora var. arenosa Aphyllon californicum, Myzorrhiza californica, Phelypaea californica
Name authority Nuttall: Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 58. (1818) Chamisso & Schlechtendal: Linnaea 3: 134. (1828)
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