Melanthium
Melanthium parviflorum
bunch-flower
Appalachian bunch-flower
0.6–3 × 0.5–1.2 cm;
bulbs 1–1.6 cm.
erect, simple, leafy, hollow, basally thickened.
2/3–4/5 floriferous, 0.5–1.5 m. Leaf blades broadly oblanceolate to obovate, slightly plicate, 17–35 × 4.5–12.5 cm, apex obtuse to submucronate.
basal, simple, reduced upwards, bases sheathing;
blade linear, oblanceolate, elliptic to obovate, rarely plicate, glabrous, basally canaliculate, apex tapered to acute;
sheaths tubular, closed.
terminal, compound-racemose to open-paniculate, flexible, axes floccose;
bracts clasping, linear to subulate.
2.5–10 dm;
terminal raceme 1–4.4 dm;
secondary racemes spreading to occasionally perpendicular, 0.6–2.2(–2.4) dm;
tertiary racemes rare, sometimes replacing first flowers on lower secondaries;
bracts subulate, dark green, 2–4 mm, densely floccose abaxially, basally, and marginally.
of distal racemes bisexual, progressively smaller distally, proximal flowers staminate;
tepals persistent, 6, spreading, distinct to weakly connate basally, slightly adnate to ovary base, petaloid, gradually to abruptly narrowed into claws or claws absent, subequal, margin entire or undulate, apex acute to obtuse;
perigonal nectaries obscure to very prominent, 2 per tepal, adaxially basal on either side of midvein;
stamens 6, adnate to tepal bases;
filaments strongly incurving;
anthers basifixed, 1-locular, cordate-reniform;
pollen sacs fugacious, confluent, dehiscence apical/valvate;
ovary superior to partly inferior, nearly distinct, 3-locular;
sepal nectaries absent;
styles persistent, 3, spreading to recurved, turning inwards with age, distinct;
stigmas minute;
pedicel pubescent.
capsular, deeply 3-lobed, dehiscence septicidal, then adaxially loculicidal;
styles persistent, 3, beaklike.
elliptic-oblong, 10–18 × 7–10 mm, glabrous.
pale yellow to tan, broadly winged, flat, elliptic to lanceolate.
7.5–10 × 3.5–4.5 mm (including wings).
greenish yellow to olive green, aging to light green, narrowly rhombic to oblanceolate, 5–9 × 1.3–3 mm, base gradually attenuate to a narrow stalk, not clawed, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate;
glands obscure, whitened in age, not nectariferous;
stamens 3–4.5 mm;
filaments inserted on tepal bases, 0.4 mm from ovary base, slightly dilated basally, barely 1/3 as wide as tepals at insertion point;
anthers 0.5 mm;
ovary ovoid, glabrous;
styles 1–1.5 mm;
pedicel spreading to nearly perpendicular, 5.5–11 mm.
= 8.
= 16.
Melanthium
Melanthium parviflorum
Species 4 (4 in the flora).
Melanthium, often wholly or partly included in the closely related Veratrum (J. D. Ambrose 1975, 1980; S. M. Kupchan et al. 1961; J. H. Zimmerman 1958; W. B. Zomlefer 1997b; W. B. Zomlefer et al. 2001), is treated here as distinct (N. L. Bodkin 1978; B. Mathew 1989; M. N. Tamura 1998; S. Fuse and M. N. Tamura 2000). The eastern North American species of Melanthium differ from Veratrum primarily in their open inflorescences, which appear delicate and flexible; glabrous leaves; clawed tepals with two distinct, nonmarginal glands on either side of the midrib; and incurving, fugacious stamens adnate to the tepals (N. L. Bodkin 1978).
Resolution of the problematical Melanthium–Veratrum species series will require full molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the group, especially of the narrow-leaved Asian Veratrum, several of which approximate Melanthium, such as V. mengtzeanum Loesener, V. micranthum Wang & Tang, V. stenophyllum Diels, and V. taliense Loesener f. (B. Mathew 1989).
In eastern North America, an ecological replacement gradient occurs within the genus. Melanthium virginicum occurs mostly in wet habitats at lower elevations, while the Appalachian M. latifolium and the Ozark M. woodii commonly grow on mesic slopes, and M. parviflorum is most frequently found on or near mountain crests.
Species of Melanthium should be considered poisonous, since complex alkaloids derived from steroidal precursors, similar to those in Veratrum, are present (S. M. Kupchan et al. 1961; R. Hegnauer 1962+, vol. 2; R. M. T. Dahlgren et al. 1985).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate; tepal bases clawed or abruptly attenuate. | → 2 |
1. Leaves broadly oblanceolate to obovate; tepal bases very gradually attenuate. | → 3 |
2. Tepals ovate to obovate-oblong, apex acute, margins entire, abruptly auriculate to hastate basally; stamens inserted at or above middle of claw. | M. virginicum |
2. Tepals orbiculate to rhombic, apex shortly acuminate, margins strongly undulate, abruptly attenuate basally; stamens inserted at or below middle of claw. | M. latifolium |
3. Tepals rhombic-oblanceolate, greenish yellow to olive green; tepal glands obscure; ovary glabrous; filament bases barely 1/3 as wide as tepals at insertion point. | M. parviflorum |
3. Tepals obovate-oblanceolate, purplish maroon to chocolate brown; tepal glands dark purple to black, obcuneate; ovary finely tomentose; filament bases 1/2 or more as wide as tepals at insertion point. | M. woodii |
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