Cardamine flagellifera |
Cardamine parviflora |
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Blue Ridge bittercress |
narrow-leaf bitter-cress, sand bitter-cress, small-flower bitter-cress |
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Habit | Perennials; hirsute or pilose proximally, sparsely pubescent or glabrous distally. | Annuals; (slender); glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent throughout. |
Rhizomes | swollen, compact at stem base, (fleshy, stolons many, slender, ca. 1 mm diam., pubescent or glabrous). |
absent. |
Stems | erect, usually unbranched, rarely branched distally, 1–2.5 dm, sparsely to densely hirsute or pilose proximally, sparsely so or glabrous distally. |
(simple or few to several from base), erect, (somewhat flexuous), often branched distally, (0.5–)1–3(–4) dm. |
Basal leaves | (often withered by anthesis), usually not rosulate, pinnately (5 or) 7–13(–17)-foliolate, (2–)4–10cm, leaflets sessile or petiolulate; petiole 0.5–2.5(–4.5) cm; lateral leaflets similar to terminal, sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet (sessile or petiolule to 0.5 cm), blade linear to oblong, oblanceolate to obovate, or suborbicular, (0.1–)0.3–1 cm × 1–7 mm, base cuneate, margins entire or 3(–5)-toothed or -lobed. |
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Rhizomal leaves | usually simple, rarely 3-foliolate, (3–)6–16 cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (1.5–)4–13 cm; lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolulate (to 0.5 cm), blade similar to terminal, much smaller; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.5–2 cm), blade orbicular to reniform or broadly ovate, (1–)1.5–4.5 cm, base cordate, margins repand to coarsely crenate, (apiculate at vein endings, surfaces sparsely pubescent or glabrous). |
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Cauline leaves | 2–5, 3 or 5-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole 0.8–5 cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile or petiolulate (to 0.5 cm), blade similar to terminal, smaller; terminal leaflet petiolulate (0.5–1.5 cm), blade broadly ovate to suborbicular, 1.5–4(–5) cm × 12–35 mm, margins repand to coarsely crenate or slightly lobed, (apiculate at vein endings, margins glabrous). |
5–10(–14), (5–)9–15(–17)-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets sessile; petiole 0.3–1 cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets similar to terminal, sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet blade filiform, linear, or narrowly oblong, 0.3–1(–1.6) cm × 0.3–3 mm, margins usually entire, rarely 1–3-toothed. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals (ascending) oblong, 3–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, oblanceolate, 5–6.5(–8) × 1.5–2.5 mm, (not clawed, apex obtuse to subemarginate); filaments: median pairs 3.5–5 mm, lateral pair 2.5–3 mm; anthers oblong, 1.2–1.6 mm. |
sepals oblong, 1–1.5(–2) × 0.3–0.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally, (margins membranous); petals white, oblanceolate, (1.5–)1.8–2.5(–3) × 0.4–0.8(–1) mm; filaments 1.4–2.5 mm; anthers ovate, 0.2–0.4 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | ascending to divaricate-ascending, 7–20 mm. |
divaricate or ascending, 4–10 mm. |
Fruits | linear, 1.5–2.5 cm × 1–1.2 mm; ovules 10–14 per ovary; style 1.2–2.5 mm. |
linear, (torulose), (0.5–)1–2(–2.5) cm × 0.6–0.9 mm; ovules 20–50 per ovary; style 0.3–0.7(–1) mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong, 1.2–1.7 × 0.8–1.1 mm. |
pale brown, oblong-ovoid, 0.6–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm, (narrowly margined or not). |
2n | = 16. |
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Cardamine flagellifera |
Cardamine parviflora |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Jun. | Flowering Mar–Jun. |
Habitat | Moist wooded slopes, gorges, wooded ravines, seepage places | Roadsides, stream banks, rocky crests and outcrops, crevices of granitic bedrock, dry woods, glades, fallow fields, disturbed ground, limestone barrens, marsh and swamp margins, floodplains, waste ground, slopes, ledges, cliffs, meadows |
Elevation | 300-1000 m (1000-3300 ft) | 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft) |
Distribution |
GA; NC; SC; TN; WV |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NT; ON; QC; SK; Eurasia
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Discussion | Within Cardamine parviflora, in the broad sense, two species or varieties have been recognized: the Eurasian C. parviflora (or C. parviflora var. parviflora) versus the North American C. arenicola (or C. parviflora var. arenicola). Nuclear DNA data suggested a sister relationship of the North American and Eurasian entities, while cpDNA data showed them intermingled (J. Lihová et al. 2006). There are no apparent morphological differences between these entities, although detailed morphological studies are still lacking. We currently prefer to treat them as a single taxon. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 474. | FNA vol. 7, p. 480. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. flagellifera var. hugeri, C. hugeri | C. arenicola, C. flexuosa var. gracilis, C. parviflora var. arenicola |
Name authority | O. E. Schulz: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 405. (1903) | Linnaeus: Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1131. (1759) |
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