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broadleaf toothwort, crinkleroot, two-leaf toothwort

American bittercress, mountain watercress

Habit Perennials; usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent. Perennials; glabrous throughout.
Rhizomes

(unsegmented), cylindrical, 2–10 mm diam., (somewhat uniform, fleshy, not fragile, with dentate leaf scars).

slender, to 2 mm diam.

Stems

erect, unbranched, (1.2–)1.5–3.5(–4) dm, rarely sparsely pubescent distally.

usually procumbent, sometimes erect, (not flexuous), unbranched or branched, (1–)1.5–3(–5) dm.

Basal leaves

(soon withered), not rosulate.

Rhizomal leaves

3-foliolate, (5.5–)8–22(–26) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile;

petiole (3–)4.5–16(–20) cm;

lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolulate, blade often similar to terminal, base sometimes oblique;

terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.5–1.2 cm), blade ovate-elliptic to broadly ovate, (2–)3.5–8(–10) cm × (5–)20–65(–80) mm, base cuneate to obtuse, margins coarsely crenate or dentate, (surfaces puberulent, trichomes to 0.1 mm).

absent.

Cauline leaves

2 (or 3) [(sub)opposite], 3-foliolate, (similar to rhizomal leaves), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile;

petiole (1–)2–4.5 cm, base not auriculate;

lateral leaflets similar to terminal;

terminal leaflet subsessile or petiolulate (0.2–1 cm), blade broadly elliptic to ovate, (2–)4–8(–10) cm × 10–50 mm, margins coarsely dentate or crenate, (margins minutely puberulent).

simple, petiolate;

petiole (0.3–)0.5–2.5(–4) cm, base not auriculate;

blade oblong, ovate, suborbicular, or cordate, (0.5–)1–4.5(–5.5) cm × (5–)10–40(–54) mm, base cordate, rounded, or truncate, margins entire, repand, or sinuate, (distally with shorter petiole, blade smaller).

Racemes

ebracteate.

ebracteate.

Flowers

sepals oblong, (4–)5–8 × 2–3 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally;

petals white or pink to purple, obovate to oblanceolate, (7–)9–15(–17) × (3–)4–7 mm, (short-clawed, apex rounded);

filaments: median pairs 5–8 mm, lateral pair 3.5–6 mm;

anthers linear to oblong, 2.5–3 mm.

sepals oblong, 2–3 × 1–1.7 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally;

petals white, broadly oblanceolate, spreading, 5–7(–8) × 2–3 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded);

filaments: median pairs 3.5–4.5 mm, lateral pair 2.7–3.5 mm;

anthers oblong, 0.8–1.2 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending to divaricate, (10–)15–30(–36) mm.

divaricate to ascending, (6–)10–15(–20) mm.

Fruits

linear-lanceolate, 1.5–4 cm × 1.5–2.5 mm;

ovules 10–14 per ovary;

style 4–8(–10) mm.

linear, (torulose), 1–1.5(–2) cm × 0.8–1.1 mm;

ovules 40–80 per ovary;

style 1.5–2.5 mm.

Seeds

(rarely produced) brown, oblong, 2–2.2 × 1.2–1.5 mm (cotyledons incumbent).

brown, oblong to ovoid, 0.9–1.1 × 0.5–0.6 mm.

2n

= 96.

Cardamine diphylla

Cardamine rotundifolia

Phenology Flowering Apr–Jun. Flowering Apr–Jun.
Habitat Wooded bottoms and ravines, cliffs, bluffs, ledges, shaded slopes, meadows, moist fields, alluvial banks, rich woods Stream banks, swamps, low woodland, wet rocky areas, seepage areas
Elevation 50-1300 m (200-4300 ft) 150-400 m (500-1300 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; GA; IL; IN; KY; MA; ME; MI; MN; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SC; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NS; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
DE; GA; KY; MD; NC; NJ; NY; OH; PA; TN; VA; WV
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 472. FNA vol. 7, p. 483.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine
Sibling taxa
C. angulata, C. angustata, C. bellidifolia, C. blaisdellii, C. breweri, C. bulbosa, C. californica, C. clematitis, C. concatenata, C. constancei, C. cordifolia, C. digitata, C. dissecta, C. douglassii, C. flagellifera, C. flexuosa, C. hirsuta, C. holmgrenii, C. impatiens, C. longii, C. macrocarpa, C. maxima, C. micranthera, C. microphylla, C. nuttallii, C. nymanii, C. occidentalis, C. oligosperma, C. pachystigma, C. parviflora, C. pattersonii, C. penduliflora, C. pensylvanica, C. pratensis, C. purpurea, C. rotundifolia, C. rupicola, C. umbellata
C. angulata, C. angustata, C. bellidifolia, C. blaisdellii, C. breweri, C. bulbosa, C. californica, C. clematitis, C. concatenata, C. constancei, C. cordifolia, C. digitata, C. diphylla, C. dissecta, C. douglassii, C. flagellifera, C. flexuosa, C. hirsuta, C. holmgrenii, C. impatiens, C. longii, C. macrocarpa, C. maxima, C. micranthera, C. microphylla, C. nuttallii, C. nymanii, C. occidentalis, C. oligosperma, C. pachystigma, C. parviflora, C. pattersonii, C. penduliflora, C. pensylvanica, C. pratensis, C. purpurea, C. rupicola, C. umbellata
Synonyms Dentaria diphylla, Dentaria bifolia, Dentaria incisa Dentaria rotundifolia
Name authority (Michaux) Alph. Wood: Amer. Bot. Fl., 37. (1870) Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 30. (1803)
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