Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae subtribe Helianthinae
Viguiera
goldeneye
erect or ascending, unbranched or branched.
usually mostly cauline, rarely mostly basal; mostly opposite (distal often alternate) or mostly alternate, rarely whorled;
petiolate or sessile;
blades (often 3- or 5-nerved) orbiculate or deltate to lanceolate or linear (and intermediate shapes), sometimes lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually hairy (often hispid to scabrellous), often gland-dotted.
mostly cauline; opposite (proximal) and/or alternate (distal);
petiolate or ± sessile;
blades often 3-nerved (from at or near bases), deltate, deltate-ovate, lance-linear, lanceolate, lance-ovate, linear, linear-filiform, rhombic-ovate, or ovate, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy, often gland-dotted.
cylindric to hemispheric or rotate.
hemispheric [campanulate], (5–18 ×) 7–15 mm.
usually flat or convex, sometimes hemispheric or conic, usually paleate (epaleate in Lagascea; paleae usually falling, sometimes persistent, mostly oblong to linear, often conduplicate, herbaceous to scarious, apices sometimes ± 3-lobed or -toothed; becoming hardened perigynia completely investing cypselae in Sclerocarpus).
flat to convex, paleate (paleae tan, conduplicate, apices often 3-lobed or -toothed).
0 or 5–30(–100+), neuter, or styliferous and sterile;
corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes partly or wholly brown to purple or red-brown to reddish.
6–18, neuter;
corollas yellow (laminae 2–4-lobed).
1 (Lagascea) or 10–200(–1000+), bisexual, fertile;
corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes brown to purple or reddish to red-brown, tubes shorter than or about equaling cylindric or funnelform throats, lobes 5, ± deltate (equal);
anther thecae dark or pale;
stigmatic papillae usually continuous.
40–100+, bisexual, fertile;
corollas yellow, tubes shorter than campanulate throats, lobes 5, triangular (style branches slender, apices acute or attenuate).
persistent, 4–45(–100+) in 1–6+ series (usually distinct, ± connate in Lagascea, broadly ovate to linear, subequal or unequal).
persistent, 10–30 in 2–5 series (subequal to unequal).
0.
usually radiate, sometimes discoid, borne singly or in corymbiform (paniculiform or racemiform) arrays (glomerules or second-order heads of 1–2-flowered heads in Lagascea).
radiate, borne singly or (2–25+) in open to crowded, ± corymbiform arrays.
often ± compressed, flattened, biconvex, clavate, columnar, obovoid, obpyramidal, or prismatic (lengths usually 1–2 times diams.), glabrous or hairy (faces and/or angles);
pappi 0, or (often readily falling or fragile, sometimes persistent) usually of (1–)2(–8+) (sometimes aristate) scales and/or awns, sometimes coroniform.
(purplish black, often mottled) ± compressed, often obpyramidal (usually strigose, sometimes glabrous);
pappi 0, or persistent or tardily falling, of 2 lacerate, aristate scales (2.2–5.5 mm) plus [0–]2–4[–6] lacerate or aristate scales (0.5–1.3 mm).
= 17.
Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae subtribe Helianthinae
Viguiera
Genera 17, species 363 (8 genera, 69 species, including 1 hybrid, in the flora).
Circumscription of Helianthinae adopted here (i.e., that of H. Robinson 1981) is narrower than traditional circumscriptions (e.g., T. F. Stuessy 1977[1978]), which included genera here treated in Ecliptinae, Galinsoginae, and Rudbeckiinae.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species ca. 150 (3 in the flora).
Viguiera has been long recognized as paraphyletic. Molecular studies are helping to clarify its phylogeny, and the corresponding systematic adjustments are beginning (E. E. Schilling and J. L. Panero 2002). Some groups have already been separated, including Bahiopsis and Heliomeris. It is likely that the genus will be narrowed to include only a single species, V. dentata (including V. helianthoides Kunth), and that new or resurrected genera will accommodate the remaining species. As currently circumscribed, the genus occurs primarily in Mexico and South America and reaches its northern limit of distribution in the southwestern United States. The Mexican (Chihuahua, Durango) V. phenax was collected a single time in Texas [where it was named Helianthus ludens Shinners and Viguiera ludens (Shinners) M. C. Johnston]; it apparently has not become established in the flora area.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Phyllaries 4–5 in ± 1 series (connate); disc florets 1(–2; the 1–2-flowered heads aggregated in glomerules or second-order heads) | Lagascea |
1. Phyllaries 5–45(–100+) in (1–)2–6+ series (distinct); disc florets (10–)15–200(–1000+) | → 2 |
2. Receptacles paleate (each palea completely investing and falling with a cypsela, eachforming a hardened perigynium) | Sclerocarpus |
2. Receptacles paleate (paleae sometimes conduplicate, ± enfolding cypselae, not forming perigynia) | → 3 |
3. Heads borne singly (peduncles usually distally dilated, fistulose) | Tithonia |
3. Heads borne singly or in corymbiform, paniculiform, racemiform, or thyrsiform arrays (peduncles rarely, if ever, notably dilated or fistulose) | → 4 |
4. Cypselae flattened, thin-margined | Simsia |
4. Cypselae ± compressed, biconvex, or 3- or 4-angled, often obpyramidal | → 5 |
5. Cypselae glabrous or glabrate; pappi 0 | → 6 |
5. Cypselae usually ± strigose, sometimes glabrous or glabrate; pappi of 2–6+, persistent, readily falling, or tardily falling scales | → 8 |
6. Shrubs (leaves often lobed, lobes usually 3–9, ± linear) | Viguiera |
6. Annuals or perennials (leaves not lobed) | → 7 |
7. Annuals; leaf blades lanceolate to linear; involucres 5–6 mm diam.;phyllaries 11–17 | Helianthus |
7. Annuals or perennials; leaf blades lance-linear, lanceolate, ovate, rhombic, or rhombic-ovate; involucres 6–14 mm diam.; phyllaries14–25 | Heliomeris |
8. Shrubs; involucres 5–9 mm diam | Bahiopsis |
8. Annuals or perennials; involucres (5–)7–40+ mm diam | → 9 |
9. Pappi readily falling | Helianthus |
9. Pappi persistent or tardily falling | Viguiera |
1. Shrubs; leaves ovate (and shallowly to deeply lobed, lobes ± linear) or linear; pappi 0 | V. stenoloba |
1. Perennials; leaves deltate-ovate, lanceolate, lance-ovate, ovate, or rhombic-ovate (not lobed); pappi usually of 2 lacerate, aristate scales (2.2–5.5 mm) plus 2–4 lacerate or aristate scales (0.5–1.3 mm) | → 2 |
2. Petioles 10–55 mm; phyllary apices abruptly narrowed to acuminate or spatulate (phyllary bases broad, indurate, apices herbaceous); disc corollas 3–4 mm (staminal filaments hairy) | V. dentata |
2. Petioles 1–8 mm; phyllary apices gradually narrowed; disc corollas 5.5–6.5 mm(staminal filaments glabrous) | V. cordifolia |
CA
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